Question | Answer |
Nonspecific and spacific (adaptive) line of defence are? | Two intrinsic defense systems that act independently, but cooperatively to facilitate body defense. |
Nonspecific body defenses are? | The first and second line of defense. |
First line of defense is? | Skin and mucous membranes that help prevent entrance of microorganisms. |
Keratin helps ? | Maintain the skin. |
Epidermis is? | Heavily keratinized. |
Keratin helps provide? | A physical barrier. |
Keratin is a? | waterprof barrier for skin. |
Keratin is resistant to? | weak acid, bacterial, ensymes and toxins. |
Intact mucosae provides? | physical (mechanical) barriers as the cover and line body organs. |
The acidity of secretions produced by some membranes are? | vaginal membranes, gastric lining, stomach acid, tears. The help inhibit bacterial growth. |
Sebrum contains? | Chemical toxic to bacteria. |
Sebaceous gland is? | A normal gland of the skin which empties an oily secretion into the hair follicle near the surface of the skin. |
Lacrimal gland ia? | A small almond shape structure that produces tears. |
Stomach mucose produced? | Hydrochloric acid and protein digesting enzymes. |
Saliva and lacrimal fluid contains? | Lysozyme, which is an enzyme that destroys bacteria. |
Mucus is? | Sticky and traps microorganixms trying to enter respiratory and digestive systems. |
Were is mucus? | every were, cervix, mouth digestive track. |
Some mucus have? | Special structures, such as cilia or hair, to repel/trap invaders. |
Second line of defense inhibits? | invasion by microorganisms that manage to breech the second line of defense. |
When skin and there products do not work what is next? | Second line of defense. |
Mucosae is? | Any cell that produces the sticky stuff. |
The invasion by microorganisms that manage to breech the first line of defense calls for? | Second line of defense |
Second line of defense includes 3 main defenses? | Inflammation, defensive cells, antimicrobial proteins. |
S.L.O.D. has five nonspecific defenses what are they? | Inflammatory response, phagocytosis, natural killer cells, antimicrobial proteins, and fever. |
Inflammation is caused by? | cellular chemicals. |
Inflammation triggered by injury to body tissues helps? | prevent spread of invaders, dispose of cell debris and pathogens, initiate mechanism for repair. |
Inflammation has four signs? | Redness, heat, swelling, pain. |
Inflammation has a possible fifth sign? | Impairment of function. |
Inflammation begins with the release of ? | Inflammatory chemicals into extracellular fluid from cells such as phagocytes, most cells and lymphocytes. |
Inflammation also includes the release of? | blood proteins. |
Some of the most important inflammatory chemicals include? | Histamines, kinins, prostaglandins(PG), complement and lymphokines. |
Inflammatory chemicals promote? | vasodilation, which in turn causes Hyperemia (heat and redness). |
Some inflammation chemicals increase? | Permeability of capillaries so that exudate seeps from the blood into tissue spaces, causing swelling. |
exudate means? | Afluid rich in protein and cellular that oozez out of blood vessels due to inflammation and is deposited in nearby tissue. |
Hyperemia means? | Heat and redness. |
Edema means? | is an observable swelling from fluid accumulation in certain body tissues. |
inflammatory chemicals that promote vasodilation helps cause what? | edema. |
Release of bacterial toxins and pressure from swelling cause what? | Pain |
How does edema atually help? | It dilutes harmful substances, brings in large quantities of oxygen and other nutrients and allows entry of clotting proteins. |
Inflammatory chemicals act as chemotactic agents to attract what? | Neutrophils and other phagocytes such as macrophages to the inflamed area if pathogens are the cause of the inflammation. |
If the epithelial barrier is breached, the epithelial mucosal cells will release what? | broad-spectrum antibiotics called B-defensins. |
Tactile means? | Touch. |
Factor means in the medical field? | They need to know more. |
Immune means? | Free. |
Chemotactic means? | Chemical touch communication. |
Leukocyte-inducing factors are released by? | injured cells and facilitate defense by promoting rapid neutrophil release from bone marrow. |
The release of leukocyte-inducing factors is called? | Leukocytosis and it is a characteristic sign of inflammation. |
Inflammatory chemicals act as? | Chemotactic agents which are homing devices that attract more WBC's to the injured area. |
Margination (pavementing) occurs when? | Neutrophils cling to capillary walls as blood flow slows down. |
Neutrophils move out of the capillaries and into tissue spaces by? | Diapedesis (emigration). |
After diapedesis (emigration) monocytes follow within hours. They change from phagocytic slugs into insatiable consumers known as? | Macrophages, which have enormous numbers of lysosomes in their cytoplasm. |
They predominate at sites of chronic inflammation? | Macrophages they replace neutrophils as primary agents at the inflammation site. |
What is a mixture of dead/dying neutrophils, broken tissue cells and living/dead pathogens? | Pus |
What are tumor-like growths of macrophages housing resistant bacteria. When formed it is covered with a fibrous capsule? | Infectious granulomas. |
These are cells that are specialized to do the process of phogocytosis (engulfment) on a grand scale. Therefore, they have large #'s of lysosomes in their cytoplasm what is it? | Phagocytes |
Phagocytic cells may also use alternative methods of pathogen destruction, such as? | Respiratory burst |