Question | Answer |
Articulations | Joints (where two bones meet) |
Joints are characterized by... | How much movement is allowed |
Synarthroses | Immovable joints |
Amphiarthrses | Slightly movable joints |
Diarthroses | -Free movable joints
-bones dont touch
-Have joint cavities
-Completly encolsed by articular capsule (2 layers)
- |
What is the external layer of the articular capsule called? | Fibrous capsule (dense connective tissue that is contionious with periosteum) |
What is the inner layer of the articular capsule called? | Synovial membrane
-made of loose connective tissue |
Musles DONT PUSH | Muscles only pull! |
Flexion | -In anterior and posterior planes
-bending of a joints so parts get closer |
Extension | -Back to the anatomical position |
Abduction | Away from our midline |
Adduction | Towards the midline |
Rotation | Turning of a bone along its own long axis (twisting head, hip, shoulder joints) |
Circumduction | Moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space |
Supination | Lateral rotation of the radius (thumbs lateral, anatomical position) |
Pronation | Medial rotation of the radius (thumbs medial) |
Protraction | Moving part anteriorly |
Retraction | Bring protracted part back |
Elevation | Superior movement |
Depression | Inferior movement |
Dorsiflexion | Curling foot up |
Plantar flexion | Pointing the toes down |
Inversion | Soles of feet face medial |
Eversion | Soles of feet face lateral |
What are the two types of fascia? | Superficial and Deep |
Superficial fascia | -Deep to the skin
-made of loose ct
-adipose
-water |
Important functions of superficial fascia | -stores water and fat
-insulation
-protection
-pathway for nerves and blood vessels |
Deep Fascia | -made of dense connective tissue
-surrounds organs |
What are skeletal muscles protected by? | Connective tissue covering |
Epimysium | CT covering that covers entire muscle |
Perimysium | Surrounds fassicle |
Endomysium | Surrounds muscle fibers |
Tendons | Rope like extensions of epimysium |
Aponeurosis | Sheet like extensions of epimysium |
Basic characteristics of muscle tissues | Excitability, conductivity, contractibility, extensibility, elasticity |
Fuctions of muscle tissues | Movement, stability, heat production |
Kinds of muscle tissue | Cardiac, smooth, skeletal |
Origin | -Least moveable part of attachment
-most proximal end |
Belly | -muscle portion |
Insertion | -more moveable point of attachment
-Distal End |
Sphincter | -circular, surrounds and opening |
Synergistic | -work together to produce a movement |
Agonist | Muscle that performs most of the work |
Antagonist | produce opposite movements |
Fixators | Sabilize joints |
extrinsic muscles | originate outside but insert inside |
Intrinsic | completly inside |
Naming Muscles | -location
-shape
-action
-number of origins
-size
-direction of fibers |
What is the name of an individual muscle cell? | myoFIBER |
What does the sarcolemma surround? | a group of myofibrils |
Sarcoplasm | -cytoplasm of a muscle cell
-contains large amounts of glycosomes and myoglobin |
What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum divide? | the sarcoplasm into individual myofibrils |
Sarcomere extends to which discs? | Z disc to Z disc |
I Band | Just thin |
A Band | Thick and thin |
H zone | In the middle of an A band, only thick |
M line | In the middle of H zone |
Thick filaments | Myosin |
Thin Filaments | Actin |
Thin filaments contain what other two molecules? | Tropomyosin (long lines that cover holes) and troponin (holds tropomyosin) |
Sarcoplasmic reticulum encircles what? | Each myofibril |
Sarcoplasmic reticulum duties: | -Delivers nutrients
-Stores Ca ++ in the cisternae |
What does a triad contain? | 2 cisternae of SR and 1 T tubule |
Resting Membrane potential is determined by... | Concentration gradients of NA+ and K+, and the membrane permiability of Na+ and K+ |
Sodium Potassium Pump | 3 Na out
2 K in |
Treppe | Increase in strength |
Incomplete tetany | sustained but quivering contraction |
Isometric contractions | same length |
Isotonic contraction | same tension |
If tension is greater then load... | muscle shortens and load moves (isotonic) |
If load is greater then tension... | muscle is unable to shorten (isometric) |
SLOW TWITCH | contract slowly
tire less quickly
small diameter
more mitochondria
better blood supply
more myoglobin
dark meat |
FAST TWITCH | contract quickly
tire more easily
larger diameter
less mitochondria
less developed blood
supply
less myoglobin
light meat |
Effects of Exercise | Hypertrophy - increase in the volume of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its component cells.
-Increased strength
-Increased endurance |
Flaccid = | no tone |