| Question | Answer |
| What are joints? | The points where bones meet. |
| What’s another word for joints? | Articulations. |
| What are fibrous joints? | Sutures in the skull. They don’t move. |
| What’s another word for fibrous joint? | Synarthroses |
| What are cartilaginous joints? | Slightly moveable. Pubic bones and vertebrae are examples. |
| What’s another word for cartilaginous joints? | Amphiarthroses |
| Synoval Joint | Free moving joint, numerous and versatile. Has a joint capsule. |
| Diarthroses | Another word for synoval joint |
| What are the types of synoval joints? | Pivot joint, ball and socket joint, saddle joint, hinge joint, gliding joint, condyloid joint. |
| Pivot joint | Atlas and axis. Rotates head. |
| Ball and socket joint | Cup-like socket. Offer widest range of motion. Shoulders and hip joints. |
| Saddle joint | Shaped like a horse saddle. Only in thumb. |
| Hinge joint | Elbow and knee. Think of the hinge of a door. It can open and close. |
| Gliding joint | Two bones that slide but don’t touch. Metacarpals and carpals. |
| Condyloid joint | Side to side movement like in the wrist. |
| Flexion | Bending of joint |
| Extension | Straightening of a joint |
| Hyperextension | Typically backwards. Stretching a joint beyond its normal straight position. |
| Dorsiflexion | Moving toes up. (Think of a dolphin, their dorsal fin is pointed up) |
| Plantar flexion | Foot pointed downward. (Plant something down into the ground) |
| Abduction | Away from midline. (If you get abducted you get taken away) |
| Adduction | Toward the midline. |
| Circulation | I’m a circular motion |
| Internal Rotation | Bone spins towards the body (spin the bone in) |
| External rotation | Bone spins away from the body. (When you exit you walk away) |
| Supination | Palm upward. (Hold a hot bowl of soup in your palm). |
| Pronation | Palm downward |
| Inversion | Sole moves inward. |
| Eversion | Sole moves away from foot. |
| Shoulders synovial joint | Humeroscapular joint & glenchumeral joint |
| Elbow synovial joint | Humeroulnar joint |
| Knee synovial joint | Tibiofemoral joint |
| Hip synovial joint | Ball & socket joint |
| Arthroplasty | Surgical procedure that replaces a diseased joint. |
| Arthritis | Inflammation of a joint |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | Autoimmune disease in which the body’s antibodies attack the synovial membranes. |
| Osteoarthritis | Bone on bone rubbing |
| Dislocation | The shoulder is more likely to be dislocated than the hip bones. Ball and socket joints are the easiest to dislocate. |
| What are the different types of muscle? | Cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscle |
| Cardiac muscle | Found only in the heart. Involuntary. Straited when viewed under a microscope. |
| Smooth muscle | In digestive tract and uterus. Involuntary and non-straited. |
| Skeletal Muscle | Attached to bone. Straited under microscope. Voluntary muscle. |
| What is the structure of a skeletal muscle? | muscle fiber, endomysium, fascicles, perimysium, epimysium, fascia |
| Muscle fiber | Skeletal muscle cell |
| Endomysium | Connective tissue that covers each muscle fiber |
| Fascicles | Muscle fibers grouped in bundles |
| Perimysium | Sheath of tough connective tissue that encases the fascicles. |
| Epimysium | Connective tissue surrounds the muscle as a whole and binds all fibers. |
| Fascia | Surrounds the muscle. |
| Muscle fiber structure | Myofilament, sarcoplasmic reticulum, sarcolemma. **every muscle fiber has a nuclei** |
| Myofilament (inside) | - made of myosin (thick)
- made of actin (thin) |
| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (inside) | -surrounds myofillament
-myofibrils store glycogen (for energy) |
| Sarcolemma (outside) | Surrounds muscle fiber cell |
| Actin and myosin | Will be attracted at one point |
| Contraction | Actin and myosin slide together without touching one another. |
| Relaxation | Actin and myosin slide apart without touching one another. |
| Myofibril | The thick and thin myofilaments stack together, alternating with one another to form myofibrils. |
| Sarcomere | Where muscle contraction occurs. |
| Step 1 of how muscle fibers contract | Impulse reaches the end of a motor neuron, small vesicles and cell membrane fuse,release a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. |
| Step 2 of how muscle fibers contract | ACh quickly diffuses across the synaptic cleft, stimulates receptors in the sarcolemma. |
| Step 3 of how a muscle contracts | Send an electrical impulse over the sarcolemma and onward along the T rubules. Impulse in the T tubles cause the sacs in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium |
| Step 4 of muscle fibers contraction | Calcium binds with troponin on the actin filament to expose attachment points. Myosin heads of the thick filaments grab onto the thin filaments and contraction occurs. |
| Muscle Fiber Relaxation | Nerve impulses stop arriving at the neuromuscular junction, ACh is no longer needed. Calcium gets absorbed. |
| Threshold stimulus | Need a minimum amount of voltage for muscles to contract. |
| Twitch | Single, brief contractionn |
| Treppe | Contracts several times in a row, the contraction will increase or get smaller |
| Tetanus | Muscle contracting |
| Incomplete tetanus | Over time they come back to back and the muscle doesn’t have time to completely relax. |
| Complete tetanus | Long contraction with NO relaxation. |
| Muscle tone | Complete tetanus |
| Isometric | Tension increases in muscle fibers but it’s length remains the same. |
| Isotonic contraction | Tension stays the same but the muscle shortens |
| Isometric contraction | Plank excercise |
| Isotonic contraction | Lifting weights |
| Origin | End of the the muscle that attaches to the more stationary bone. |
| Belly | Thick midsection of the muscle |
| Insertion | End of the muscle that attaches to the more moveable bone. |
| External intercostal | Lie superficially between ribs; elevate the ribs during inspiration. |
| Internal intercostal | Lie deeper than the external intercostal; depress the ribs during forced exhalation. |
| Diaphragm | Enlarged the thorax to trigger respiration. |
| Deltoid | Abducts, flexes and rotates the arm. Involved in swinging the arm; also raises the arm to perform tasks, such as writing on an elevated surface. |
| Energy source | All muscle contraction requires energy in the form of ATP. |
| Energy storage | Muscles only store very small amounts of atp |
| Energy storage | A few seconds of activity will completely deplete the atp within a muscle fiber. |
| Origin | End of a muscle that attaches to the more stationary bone. |
| Belly | Thick midsection of the muscle |
| Insertion | End of the muscle that attaches to the more moveable bone |
| External intercostal | Lie superficially between ribs; elevate the ribs during respiration. |
| Internal intercostal | Lie deeper than the external, depress the ribs during forex exhalation |
| Diaphragm | Enlarged the thorax to trigger respiration |
| Deltoid | Abducts, flexes and rotates the arm. Involved in swinging the arm; also raises the arm to perform tasks, such as writing on an elevated surface |
