| Term | Definition |
| What is negative feedback? | controls most processes in the body
controls homeostatic system
will always be opposite direction of the stimulus
fluctuation of the variable
regulate blood glucose levels |
| What is positive feedback? | stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climactic event occurs
also controls homeostatic system
regulation of blood clotting |
| What is homeostasis? | the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment
internal environment/dynamic state to balance
chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact-maintain homeost |
| 9 regions of the abdominal section | R hypochondriac Epigastric L hydrochondriac
R lumbar Umbilical L lumbar
R iliac Hypogastric L iliac |
| quadrants of the abdominopelvic | RUQ LUQ
RLQ LLQ |
| Characteristics of life (homeostasis) | growth and development-get bigger, more complex
metabolism-eat, breathe, excrete waste
regulation-adjust internal bodily function in face of environment
organization-made up of one or more cells
responsiveness
reproduction
adaptation |
| What is a phospholipid? | class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes
head-hydrophilic
tail-hydrophobic 2 fatty acids |
| plasma membrane | microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins that form the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell
selectively permeable |
| hypertonic solution | high concentration of solute |
| hypotonic solution | low concentration of solute |
| deep | on the inside |
| superficial | on the outside |
| proximal | closer to the point of attachment
ex: elbow is proximal to the hand |
| distal | farther away from the point of attachment to the trunk
ex: wrist is distal to elbow |
| ventral (anterior) body cavity | thoracic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
lined with serous membrane |
| serous membrane | 2 layers/parietal and visceral layer that covers the external surface of the organs within the cavity |
| triglycerides | lipids refer to oils
found in plants and animals
compose of one of the major food groups |
| translation | uses info coded in RNA for the synthesis of protein by ribosomes in the cytosol |
| transcription | formation of a RNA copy of a gene from DNA in the nucleus |
| What is Osmosis? | is the passive movement of water through a semi permeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated and then equalizing the concentration on both sides |
| phases of mitosis | interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase |
| prophase | 1st stage of mitosis
Cell's DNA condenses into chromosomes
chromosomes appear due to coiling of chromatin
nucleolus breaks down
spindle fibers begin to form from centrioles
-cell's DNA condenses into chromosomes |
| metaphase | 2nd stage of mitosis
chromosomes aligned along a equatorial plate of the cell by spindle fibers
spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes |
| anaphase | 3rd stage of mitosis
initiates as spindle fibers cause the sister chromatin to be moved apart and travel to opposite ends
each sister chromatid is now a chromosome with its own centromere |
| telophase | -new nuclei form around the DNA in the 2 new cells
chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin
nucleolus reforms within each nucleus
spindle fibers break up and disappear
cytokinesis continues |
| atomic mass | mass of both protons and neutrons |
| atomic number | number protons |
| number of neutrons | atomic mass - atomic number |
| isotopes | atoms having the same number of protons and electrons |
| covalent bonds | 2 atoms in which both atoms have 4 to 7 electrons in the outer shell
-sharing of 2 or more valence shell |
| mRNA | messenger RNA encodes amino acid sequence of polypeptide |
| tRNA | transfer RNA brings amino acids to ribosomes during translation |
| RNA | AUCG |
| DNA | ATCG
Deoxyribose has a Phosphate is the backbone and hydrogen bonding between the bases |
| the bonding of RNA to DNA | The sugar and phosphate groups form the backbone of a strand of RNA and the bases bond to each other. Between the bases is a H bond
RNA bases boned together in complimentary pairs |
| Active Transport | process of moving substances across the biological membrane against a concentration gradient
ATP |
| Anabolism | process of building up complex molecules from simpler ones |
| Anion | electron acceptor, gains an electron |
| Apoptosis | type of cell death that occurs when a cell activates a series of molecular steps to destroy itself |
| Atom | building blocks of elements and has a nucleus |
| Atomic Symbol | equals to protons |
| ATP | store energy for future reactions, occurs in the mitochondria |
| Catabolism | set of metabolic pathways within a living organism that break down large, complex molecules into smaller units |
| Cation | positive charge and electron donor and loses an electron |
| Cell Adhesion Molecule (CAM) | proteins found on the surface of a cell membrane that helps cell stick together and to their surroundings |
| Cellular Organization | arrangement of how cell's components and how they work together to enable cell function and survive |
| Cellulose | aids in the elimination of waste products from the body, helps food move through digestive system |
| Centriole | are small organelles that divide a cell's genetic information during mitosis |
| Centrosome | organelle near nucleus of a cell that contains centrioles, regulates cell motility |
| Chemical energy | potential energy stored within the bonds of molecules, primary carrier is ATP |
| concentration levels and the cell membrane | Na+ is more concentrated outside and K+ is more cooncentrated inside |
| cortisol | main stress hormone, increases sugar in the blood stream
-helps increase availability of substances in the body that repair tissues |
| Decomposition Reaction | AB = A + B |
| Desmosomes | -rivet like cell junctions
-linker protein anchored to its plasma membrane
-keratin filaments
-help keep cells from tearing apart |
| Electrical energy | generated through the movement of charged ions across cell membranes, primarily in nerve cells and muscle cells |
| Endocytosis | -involves formation of protein coated vesicles
-cellular process that allows cells to bring substances into themselves |
| Enzyme | -globular proteins that act as biological catalysts
- catalysts regulate and increase speed of chemical reactions |
| Epigastric region | region where the stomach, liver, pancreas, duodenum are located
-upper abdomen, between the ribcage and above the umbilical region |
| Exergonic | chemical reaction that releases energy, where products have less free energy than the reactants |
| Exocytosis | cellular process that moves large molecules and waste out of a cell and into extracellular space |
| G protein | act as a molecular switches inside cells and transmitting signals |
| Glycolipds | lipids with carb attached, used for cell to cell communication, immune response, receptor, and photosynthetic electron transport |
| Homeostatic imbalance | condition that occurs when the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment is disrupted |
| Ionic bond | occur between metals, losing electrons, and non metals gaining electrons |
| Ionic compounds | chemical compounds made up of a cation and an anion |
| Lipids | fatty compounds that are part of the cell membrane and help control what goes in an out of your cells like energy, vitamins, and hormones |
| mitochondria | site of ATP synthesisin the cell |
| Net diffusion | movement of molecules or ions from higher to lower concentration |
| non polar covalent bond | example is CO2
equal sharing of electrons |
| oxidation | chemical reaction that occurs when a substance comes in contact with oxygen |
| Phagocytosis | process in which cell uses it's plasma membrane to engulf a large particles, used to remove pathogens and cell debris |
| pinocytosis | to absorb molecules and fluids from extracellular fluid |
| polar covalent bond | example is H2O
unequal electron sharing |
| redox reactions | chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between 2 species |
| ribosome | nonmembrane organelles that are the site for protein synthesis
-made of rRNA |
| rough ER | external surface that has ribosomes on it
-site of synthesis of proteins that will be secreted from cell |
| Sagittal and Midsagittal section | divides body into left and right sections |
| saturated fats | fat acid chain, essential to sustaining life, can cause problems with cholesterol levels |
| smooth ER | network of membranes within a cell that lack ribosomes
-associated with the production and metabolism of fats and steroid hormones |
| solution | mixture of a solute and a solvent |
| suspension | heterogenous mixtures that contain large, visible solutes that do settle out
-ex: water and sand
-blood is a suspension |
| synthesis reaction | A + B = AB |
| transverse and transverse section | divides body into superior and inferior parts |
| serous membrane | parietal: lines the cavity
visceral: attached to the organ |
| Passive transport | no energy
osmosis
breathing
high to low concentration-net diffusion |
| chemical reaction | endergonic reaction-absorbing energy
exergonic reaction-release energy |
| Coronal plane | divides the body into anterior and posterior parts |
| Oblique plane | divides the body at an angle |
| Electron | a negatively charged atom |
