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A & P 1/ exam #1
Chapters 1-4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| human body temp | 98.6 degrees F or 37 degrees C range is 97 degrees F (36.1 C) to 99 degrees F (37.2 C) |
| The heart is housed in what cavity? | Thoracic Cavity |
| What cavity houses the eyes? | Cranial Cavity |
| What is negative feedback? | controls most processes in the body controls homeostatic system will always be opposite direction of the stimulus fluctuation of the variable regulate blood glucose levels |
| What is positive feedback? | stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climactic event occurs also controls homeostatic system regulation of blood clotting |
| cytology | the study of body cells and their internal structure |
| gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy) | investigates the structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye regional-all structures in one part of the body systemic-studied by system surface-internal structure as they relate to the overlying skin |
| embryology | discipline concerned with developmental changes occurring from conception to birth |
| survival needs of the body | nutrients-chemical substance used for energy and cell building oxygen-needed for metabolic reacFhing and gas exchange |
| What is an organ? | is made up of different types of tissues |
| Functions of the nervous system | composed of the brain, spinal and nerves fast acting control system of the body responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands |
| What is homeostasis?ly | the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment internal environment/dynamic state to balance chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact-maintain homeost |
| anatomical position | body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from the body |
| 9 regions of the abdominal section | R hypochondriac Epigastric L hydrochondriac R lumbar Umbilical L lumbar R iliac Hypogastric L iliac |
| parasagital planes | any plane that divides the body into left and right portions, unequally but parallel to the median or sagittal plane |
| quadrants of the abdominopelvic | RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ |
| Characteristics of life (homeostasis) | growth and development-get bigger, more complex metabolism-eat, breathe, excrete waste regulation-adjust internal bodily function in face of environment organization-made up of one or more cells responsiveness reproduction adaptation |
| Heirarchy of organism | chemical-atoms combine to form molecules cellular-cells made up of molecules tissue-consist of similar cells organ-different types of tissues organ system-different types of organs organismal-organ systems |
| What is a phospholipid? | class of lips that are a major component of all cell membranes head-hydrophilic tail-hydrophobic 2 fatty acids |
| Define diffusion | to move from high to low concentration increase in heat is increase in rate decrease in size is increase in rate |
| What are microvilli? | tiny projections that exist on, in, around cells occur in various structures and sites small intestine-allowing absorption |
| define plasma membrane | microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins that form the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell selectively permeable |
| hypertonic solution | high concentration of solute |
| hypotonic solution | low concentration of solute |
| isotonic solution | even concentration of a solute |
| excretion | process of eliminating or expelling waste matter in living organisms and cells |
| anterior | front of ex: stomach is anterior to the spinal cord |
| posterior | back of ex: heart is posterior to the sternum |
| dorsal | back side of the human body |
| ventral | belly side of the human body |
| superior | closer to the head ex: chest is superior to the pelvis |
| inferior | closer to the feet ex: stomach is inferior to the heart |
| cranial | at the head end |
| caudal | at the rear end or tail end |
| rostral | towards the nose or mouth |
| medial | toward the midline ex: lungs are medial to the shoulders |
| lateral | away from the midline ex: arms are lateral to the heart |
| deep | on the inside |
| superficial | on the outside |
| proximal | closer to the point of attachment ex: elbow is proximal to the hand |
| distal | farther away from the point of attachment to the trunk ex: wrist is distal to elbow |
| ventral (anterior) body cavity | thoracic cavity abdominopelvic cavity lined with serous membrane |
| serous membrane | 2 layers/parietal and visceral layer that covers the external surface of the organs within the cavity |
| subdivisions of anatomy | gross or macroscopic microscopic developmental regional systemic surface |
| triglycerides | lipids refer to oils found in plants and animals compose of one of the major food groups |
| genetic info coded in DNA | genetic code/set of rules by which info is encoded in genetic material (DNA and RNA) is translated into proteins by living cells genes that code are composed of tri-nucleotide units-codon |
| What is a protein? | macromolecules composed of combination of 20 types of amino acids bond together with peptide bonds |
| collagen | most abundant protein in the body 25-35 % in our body forms connective tissue found in fibrous tissue ex: tendons, ligaments, and skin |
| Where are carbohydrates stored? | turns into glucose, body burns immediately or converts to glycogen to be stored in muscles and liver |
| What is a coenzyme? | a non protein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme |
| translation | uses info coded in RNA for the synthesis of protein by ribosomes in the cytosol |
| transcription | formation of a RNA copy of a gene from DNA in the nucleus |
| What is Osmosis? | is the passive movement of water through a semi permeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated and then equalizing the concentration on both sides |
| PH of blood | normal blood PH is 7.35 through 7.45 |
| What are nucleic acids? | complex organic substance present in living cells, esp DNA or RNA consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain |
| What type of substance id blood? | Plasma which is a liquid that carries red and white blood cells called platelets |
| phases of mitosis | interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase |
| interphase | time the cell prepares for cell division including synthesis of DNA which occurs during the S phase and duplication of centrioles |
| prophase | 1st stage of mitosis chromosomes appear due to coiling of chromatin nucleolus breaks down spindle fibers begin to form from centrioles |
| metaphase | 2nd stage of mitosis chromosomes aligned along a equatorial plate of the cell by spindle fibers spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes |
| anaphase | 3rd stage of mitosis initiates as spindle fibers cause the sister chromatin to be moved apart each sister chromatid is now a chromosome with its own centromere cytokinesis begins |
| telophase | chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin nucleolus reforms within each nucleus spindle fibers break up and disappear cytokinesis continues |
| What are microfilaments made of? | made of actin protein organized into 2 thin intertwined protein filaments similar to 2 twisted pearl strands |
| atomic mass | mass of both protons and neutrons |
| atomic number | number protons |
| number of neutrons | atomic mass - atomic number |
| isotopes | atoms having the same number of proteins and electrons |
| radioisotopes | unstable isotopes resulting from excess number of neutrons |
| covalent bonds | 2 atoms in which both atoms have 4 to 7 electrons in the outer shell |
| electronegativity | O-most N C H- not so much |
| major elements of the human body | O, C,H,N |
| octet rule | 2 electrons on the first shell and 8 max on each shell after |
| How is action potential generated? | generated by special types of voltage-gated ion channels embedded in a cell's plasma membrane |
| What heavy metals are found in our bodies? | Fe, Cu, Mg, Zn, Ca |
| What are the types of RNA? | mRNA tRNA rRNA snRNA |
| mRNA | messenger RNA encodes amino acid sequence of polypeptide |
| tRNA | transfer RNA brings amino acids to ribosomes during translation |
| rRNA | ribosomal RNA makes up the ribosomes, the organelles that translate mRNA |
| snRNA | small nuclear RNA forms complexes that are used in RNA processing in eukaryotes ( not found in prokaryotes) |
| RNA | AUCG |
| DNA | ATCG |
| the bonding of RNA to DNA | the sugar and phosphate groups form the backbone of a strand of RNA and the bases bond to each other RNA bases boned together in complimentary pairs |
| cellular respiration | glycolysis citric acid cycle electron transport cycle |
| glycolysis | is a metabolic process that occurs in the cytosol without the requirement of oxygen formation of ATP/2 ATP are "invested" early 4 ATP formed formation of NADH/2 NADH molecules are formed from glucose breakdown which occurs twice per the original |
| citric acid cycle or kreb cycle | 9 enzymatic steps cyclic metabolic pathway that occurs through the activity of 9 enzymes located within the matrix of mitochondria |
| step 1 of kreb cycle | acetyl CoA and OAA are bonded together to form citrate with a release of CoA citrate synthetase |
| steps 2 and 3 of kreb cycle | forms an isomer by removing H2O from citrate and then reattaching to a different location on a molecule aconitase |
| step 4 of kreb cycle | release of CO2 by decarboxylation transfer of 2 electrons plus hydrogen to NAD to form NADH isocitrate dehydrogenase |
| step 5 of kreb cycle | same as 4 but add CoA ketoglutarate dehydrogenase |
| step 6 of kreb cycle | removal of CoA and form ATP through substrate level phosphorylation succinyl CoA synthetase |
| step 7 of kreb cycle | transfer of 2 Hydrogens to FAD to make FADH2 succinic dehydrogenase |
| step 8 of kreb cycle | removal of water? add water? fumerase |
| step 9 of the kreb cycle | catalyzed by dehydrogenase that transfers H to NAD to form NADH. OAA is regenerated in this final step malate dehyrogenase |
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