Question | Answer |
What are the five different types of bones? | long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid. |
Periosteum: | outer enclosure of bone which is continuous with tendons and ligaments blood vessels; contains its own blood supply |
Epiphysis: | ends of bone which is made up of spongy bone and compact bone. (covered in articular cartilage) |
Diaphysis: | middle or body of bone |
What is the difference between compact and spongy bone? | compact bone is cortical bone and is found on the outside layers of a bone. spongy bone is cancellous bone and is found inside a bone. |
Osteocytes? Osteoclasts? Osteoblasts? | Osteocytes are bone cells that make up bone tissue. Osteoclasts break down bone tissue. Osteoblasts are bone building cells. |
Stage 1 of Bone Fracture Healing; | ACUTE: bleeding, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, hematoma forms blood clot, fibrocartilage callus begins tissue repair. lasts about 4 days. |
Stage 2 of Bone Fracture Healing: | REPAIR: osteoclasts and osteoblasts continue to work. fibrous callus forms as a splint forms on the inside and outside of bone. takes about 6 weeks to complete. |
Stage 3 of Bone Fracture Healing: | REMODELING: callus is reabsorbed and replaced with a fibrous cord of bone around fracture site. takes several years to complete |
Is a fracture a break? | YES!!! |
Collagen: | strong, fibrous material with slight stretch. Dense and slightly extensible. |
Elastin: | very elastic (stretchy) material |
Extensibility: | the ability to stretch |
Elasticity: | the ability to return to normal length after being stretched |
skin layers: | 1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Hypodermis |
Muscle: | is both extensible and elastic. 3 types: smooth,, cardiac, and skeletal. while one muscle contracts the other relaxes. very elastic |
Tendons: | connect muscle to bone. inelastic |
Ligaments: | connect bone to bone. semi-elastic |
Stage 1 of Soft Tissue Healing: | ACUTE RESPONSE/ REACTION: bleeding, fibroblasts, fibroclasts. lasts about 2 days. |
Stage 2 of Soft Tissue Healing: | REPAIR & REGENERATION: skin rebuilds new tissue with scar tissue, the scar tissue is fibrous, inelastic, and non-vascular; making it less strong than the original material. lasts about 6-8 weeks. |
Stage 3 of Soft Tissue Healing: | REMODELING: scar tissue becomes stronger and more elastic, fibroblasts continue to work. lasts up to a year to heal completely. |
What is the difference between an open and closed fracture? | an open fracture is when the bone has gone through the skin. a closed fracture is when the bone is inside the skin (skin is not open). |
What is the difference between a displaced and non-displaced fracture? | a displaced fracture is when the bone has shifted out of alignment. a non-displaced fracture is when the bone has NOT shifted out of alignment. |
types of fractures part 1: | greenstick fracture: looks like a broken tree branch
transverse fracture: straight across fracture
oblique fracture: diagonal fracture |
types of fractures part 2: | comminuted fracture: when the bone breaks in 3 or more places
impacted fracture: when the broken ends of the bone are jammed together |
What is the difference between a sprain and a strain? | a sprain occurs with ligaments and bones and strains occurs with tendons and muscles. |
Contusion (bruise): | blow to the body |
What is the difference between afferent nerves and efferent nerves? | afferent nerves transmit info from the skin, muscle, tendons, and ligaments. efferent nerves transmit control signals to the muscles from the brain. |
What are the 3 nerve injury symptoms? | Hypoesthesia: reduced sensation
Hyperesthesia: heightened sensation
Paresthesia: numbness, tingling, pickling |
types of joints: | Synarthrosis: an immoveable joint, skull, pelvis
Amphiarthrosis: slightly moveable joint, vertebrae
Diarthrosis: freely moveable joint: shoulder, carpals, meta carpals, elbow, knee |