Question | Answer |
Wave forms: Atria | Sine wave |
Wave forms: Ventricle | Square wave |
Wave forms: Arteries | Triangle wave |
Wave forms: Pressure spike | Impulse wave |
Hemodynamic sign associated with cardiac tamponade? | Arterial Pulsus Paradoxus |
LV -edp readings are normally the same as? | Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure |
PAW measurement that approximately matches LV-edp: | Mean between "a" wave and "x" wave of PAW |
In what condition is the PAWP usually equal to the LV-edp or within 4 mmHg: | Acute respiratory failure |
The wedge pressure best reflects LA pressure when? | The balloon is positioned in the dependent lung zone |
How is PAW pressure and transseptal LA pressures normally differ? | PAW is delayed and slightly damped |
When measuring CFR or FFR what drug is safest and shortest acting to induce coronary response? | Adenosine |
CFR measures? | Velocity |
FFR measures? | Flow |
Formula for FFR? | Pd/Pa |
When measuring FFR, what does the pressure waveform look like? | Ventricularization pattern |
To pullback a pressure wire while recording pressures through a diffusely diseased vessel start with? | 140 IV adenosine |
What would best identify thrombus from soft plaque?
IVUS or Angioscopy | Angioscopy |
What makes OCT better than IVUS? | Increased resolution |
Prior to inserting IVUS imaging catheter into coronary artery. Assure full anticoagulation and? | Inject 100-300 ug of nitro |
What adult cases commonly use ICE? | Transeptal and PFO closures |
How many ICE views are their? | 4 |
CI: | Amount of blood pumped by the heart adjusted to body size |
LVMP: | Quantitative angiographic CO |
TDCO: | Indicator dilution CO using cooled saline |
Fick CO: | Average Pulmonary CO measured via, oxygen extraction |
Parameters like "stroke index" are corrected for patients? | Body Surface Area |
3 measurements that can be adjusted to patients body size (indexed) | EDV index / Cardiac index / Valve area |
Average CI: reclining 7 year old | 4.5 L |
Average CI: Standing 7 year old | 3.5 L |
Average CI: reclining 70 year old | 2.5 L |
Average CI Standing 70 year old | 2.0 L |
The Normal O2 Content of blood in the Left heart is? | 18-22 Vol% |
For Fick CO, where should the arterial blood sample be taken? | Any systemic artery |
What blood gas parameter will be reduced in an anemic patient? | CaO2 Vol% |
Normal O2 capacity of venous or arterial blood is? | 20 Vol% |
Considered the "Gold Standard" measurement: | Fick CO (is the average forward flow through the lungs) |
Factors that affect CO | Size / Position / Age |
Which Right heart O2 saturation is normally the highest? | IVC |
Best mixed blood is from what area of the heart? | The PA |
The actual amount of O2 carried in blood is defined as? | O2 Content |
The normal O2 content of blood in the left heart is? | 18-22 vol% |
What is the average resting a-v O2 difference in resting adults? | 4-5 vol % or 40-50 ml/L |
What blood gas parameter will be reduced in an anemic patient? | CaO2 |
O2 Saturation is defined as? | O2 content / O2 capacity x 100% |
SvO2 is an indicator of? | Tissue oxygen supply/ oxygen demand balance |
Normal range for SvO2 is? | 65 - 77% |
What is impending deterioration of a pt. with a fiberoptic SvO2 PA catheter? | When the SvO2 drops below 60% or drops >10% over 3-5 minutes |
What is the most common cause of decrease in SvO2? | Hypoperfusion (Decreased TDCO) |
What is the percent of Oxygen in ambient air? | 21% |
Standard barometric pressure at sea level? | 760 mmHg |
For calculation of oxygen consumption, the minute ventilation must be adjusted for? | Standard temp and pressure dry (STPD) |
Average oxygen consumption in the normal male? | 200-300 ml/min |
Before taking FICK CO blood samples, take the pt. off oxygen for? | 10-15 mins |
In cyanotic shunts there is a _______ in O2 saturation on the___ side of the heart? | Step down / Left |
In children with ASD the best sample is taken from the? | SVC |
When calculating the amount of shunt in a L to R VSD, the best mixed systemic venous blood sample is in? | Right Atrium |
The formula (1 IVC + 3 SVC) / 4 is used to estimate? | systemic venous O2 saturation in L-R ASD |
Amount of blood ejected out the LV with each systole: | SV |
Total amount of blood pumped by the LV per minute: | LVMF |
Maximum volume of blood in the ventricle when filled: | EDV |
Percentage of blood pumped by LV per minute: | EF |
Net forward amount of blood pumped by LV per minute: | CO |
Minimum volume of blood in the ventricular chamber: | ESV |
Amount of blood regurgitating (reversed flow) | RV |
Ratio of regurgitation to total LV flow: | RF |
The cutoff between normal and abnormal EF is? | 50-55% |
All CO's should be equal (FICK = TDCO = LVMF) except if theres? | Valvular regurgitation |
Kennedy/Dodge method simplies the shape of the LV chamber to that of a? | Ellipse of rotaion |
The LV is best viewed in what angio graphic shot? | 30 RAO |
Where should heart thickness be measured for most accurate LV mass measurement? | Anterior wall where epicardium is best visible |
What is the specific gravity of myocardium: | 1.05 |
What is the normal thickness of the heart? | 1.1 |
Total stroke volume SV: | Cine EDV - Cine ESV |
Forward stroke volume: | FICK CO/HR |
Regurgitant Volume: | Total SV - Forward SV |
Ejection Fraction: | Total SV/EDV |
Reguritant Fraction: | Regurgitant volume/Total SV |
Increases in SVR chiefly cause? | Increase LV afterload |
A cyanotic cardiac shunt implies a: | High pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) |