Question | Answer |
What is Metabolism | Sum of all chemical reactions in the body |
How does metabolism reactions occur? | In pathways or cycles |
2 types of metabolic reactions | Anabolism and Catabolism |
Anabolism | Small molecules are built into larger ones..... requires energy |
Catabolism | Larger molecules are broke down into smaller ones.... releases energy |
Example of Anabolic reaction | Dehydration synthesis |
What can be made using Anabolic reactions | Polysaccharides, proteins, triglycerides |
Anabolism requires ( 1. ) made during (. 2. ) | 1. ATP. 2. Catabolism |
What does Anabolism and Catabolism require | Enezymes |
What does enzymes do | Controls reactions and speeds up reactions |
Example of catabolic reactions | Hydrolysis |
What can be made (decompose) using catabolic reaction | Carbohydrates. Proteins. Lipids |
What is produced during Catabolism | ATP |
Traits of an enzymes (8) | Protein.
Globular
Speed up reaction
Re useable
At the end of the reaction enzymes are unchanged
Very specific
Acts like a lock and key
Most enzymes take the name of the substrate and ends with -ase |
How can a enzyme be ruined | Desaturation |
Factors that can alter conformation of an enzyme | Excessive heat
Radiation
Electricity
Specific chemicals
Extreme pH values
Some poisons |
What is denaturation | Inactivation of an enzyme (or any other protein) due to an irreversible change in its conformation |
What does denaturation do to enzyme | Enzyme is unable to bind to its substrate |
Define enzymes | Controls rates of both catabolic and anabolic reactions |
What does conformation mean | shape of an enzyme |
Cellular metabolism | Sum of all chemical reaction occurring in a cell |
Metabolic pathway | Series of enzyme- controlled reactions leading to formation of a product |
Each new (1) is the (2) of the previous (3) | 1. Substrate 2. Product 3. Reaction |
Rate- limiting enzyme | Shuts off enzyme ( often the first) when making the max of something |
Rate- limiting enzyme what kind of feedback | Negative feedback |
How do you shut off an enzyme | Remove what activates it |
What activates an enzyme | Cofactors and Coenzyme |
Cofactors | Non-protein substance that combines with an enzyme to activates it |
Coenzyme | Organic molecule that acts as a cofactors. Which is an VITAMIN |
What is energy | The capacity to change something or to do work |
Common forms of energy | Heat
Light
Electrical energy
Mechanical energy
Chemical energy |
What can energy NOT DO | Be created or destroyed |
What CAN energy DO | Can be changed from one form to another |
Cellular respiration | Process that transfers energy from molecules and makes it available for cellular use |
Wha type of energy does metabolic reactions use | Chemical reactions |
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) | Carries energy in a form the cell can use
Main energy carrying molecule in cell |
ATP consist of | Adenine
Ribose (sugar)
3 phosphates in a chain |
What is ADP (adenosine diphosphate) | When ATP loses terminal phosphate |
ADP can turn back into ATP by | Attaching a third phosphate called phosphorylation which requires energy from cell respiration |
Where is energy held | In a chemical bond |
Energy is released when | Chemical bonds are broken |
Oxidation | Releases energy from glucose |
Phosphorylation | Add a phosphate back to ADP to make it ATP |
Aerobic reaction | Require Oxygen and make most of ATP |
Anaerobic reaction | Doesn't not require oxygen. And makes little ATP |
Energy is transferred how | 40% chemical energy
60% as heat. maintains body temperature |
Cellular respiration of glucose occurs in 3 interconnected reactions | Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain / Oxidative phosphorylation |
Metabolic pathway is a | Cycle |
Stepwise reaction sequences | Glycolysis
Electron transport chain / Oxidative phosphorylation |
Occurs in a cycle | Critic acid cycle |
Products of chemical energy | Carbon dioxide
Water
ATP (chemical energy 40%)
Heat 60% |
Catabolic pathway | For energy production |
Anabolic pathway | For storage |
Excessive glucose can be converted into and stored as | Fat
Glycogen |
Glycogen | Most cells but liver and muscle cells store the most |
Fat is stored in | Adipose tissue |
Information that instructs a cell or synthesize certain proteins is stored on the sequence of | DNA |
DNA stores instructions on how to produce protein that functions as | Enzyme
Blood proteins
Structural proteins of muscle and connective tissue
Antibodies
Cell membrane components |
Genetic Infomation | Instructions to tell cell how to construct protein ; stored in DNA sequence |
Gene | Sequence of DNA that contains info for making 1 protein |
What sugar is in DNA | Deoxyribose |
What are DNA bases | A, C, G, T |
What stand is DNA | Double strand |
What sugar is in RNA | Ribose |
What are RNA bases | A, U, G, C |
What is RNA stand | Single strand |
How many types of RNA | 3. Types |
in DNA what bonds with what | A bonds with T
G bonds with C |
DNA replicates _______ mitosis | Before |
Whats the match (DNA)
A-
G-
C-
T- | -T
-C
-G
-A |
When cell divides each daughter cell .... | Receives identical DNA |
DNA replication | Process that produces an exact copy of a DNA molecules |
DNA replication occurs in | Interphase |
Steps in DNA replication | 1. Hydrogen bonds break between base pairs
2. Stands unwind and separate
3. New nucleotides pair with exposed bases
4. Other enzyme connect |
3 bases = | 1 amino acid |
3 bases is a | Triplet |
DNA stores master copy of genetic code and remains in | Nucleus |
Protein synthesis occurs in | Cytoplasm |
RNA | Copies and transfers information from DNA to cytoplasm ( helps make the protein) |
RNA bases bond with what bases | A bonds to U
C bonds to G |
What is transcription | Process of copying DNA sequence onto an RNA sequence |
mRNA (messenger RNA) | Carries genetic code from DNA to ribosome |
RNA Polymerase | Enzyme that catalyzes the formation of mRNA from the proper strand of DNA |
What are Codon's | 3 bases in RNA |
Protein synthesis occurs in | Cytoplasm |
Translation is | When the ribosomes "reads" mRNA to make protein |
DNA -- A T T A C C G
mRNA --U A A U G G C
This is ? | Transcription |
Anticodons | 3 bases in tRNA |
tRNA (Transfer RNA) | Aligns amino acids during protein synthesis along the mRNA strand on the ribosome |
Translation occurs | In cytoplasm at ribosomes |
Protein synthesis occurs | On ribosomes in cytoplasm |
rRNA | Ribosomes structure and protein molecules |
Mutation | Changes in DNA sequences |