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CHAPTER 4
ANATOMY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Metabolism | Sum of all chemical reactions in the body |
| How does metabolism reactions occur? | In pathways or cycles |
| 2 types of metabolic reactions | Anabolism and Catabolism |
| Anabolism | Small molecules are built into larger ones..... requires energy |
| Catabolism | Larger molecules are broke down into smaller ones.... releases energy |
| Example of Anabolic reaction | Dehydration synthesis |
| What can be made using Anabolic reactions | Polysaccharides, proteins, triglycerides |
| Anabolism requires ( 1. ) made during (. 2. ) | 1. ATP. 2. Catabolism |
| What does Anabolism and Catabolism require | Enezymes |
| What does enzymes do | Controls reactions and speeds up reactions |
| Example of catabolic reactions | Hydrolysis |
| What can be made (decompose) using catabolic reaction | Carbohydrates. Proteins. Lipids |
| What is produced during Catabolism | ATP |
| Traits of an enzymes (8) | Protein. Globular Speed up reaction Re useable At the end of the reaction enzymes are unchanged Very specific Acts like a lock and key Most enzymes take the name of the substrate and ends with -ase |
| How can a enzyme be ruined | Desaturation |
| Factors that can alter conformation of an enzyme | Excessive heat Radiation Electricity Specific chemicals Extreme pH values Some poisons |
| What is denaturation | Inactivation of an enzyme (or any other protein) due to an irreversible change in its conformation |
| What does denaturation do to enzyme | Enzyme is unable to bind to its substrate |
| Define enzymes | Controls rates of both catabolic and anabolic reactions |
| What does conformation mean | shape of an enzyme |
| Cellular metabolism | Sum of all chemical reaction occurring in a cell |
| Metabolic pathway | Series of enzyme- controlled reactions leading to formation of a product |
| Each new (1) is the (2) of the previous (3) | 1. Substrate 2. Product 3. Reaction |
| Rate- limiting enzyme | Shuts off enzyme ( often the first) when making the max of something |
| Rate- limiting enzyme what kind of feedback | Negative feedback |
| How do you shut off an enzyme | Remove what activates it |
| What activates an enzyme | Cofactors and Coenzyme |
| Cofactors | Non-protein substance that combines with an enzyme to activates it |
| Coenzyme | Organic molecule that acts as a cofactors. Which is an VITAMIN |
| What is energy | The capacity to change something or to do work |
| Common forms of energy | Heat Light Electrical energy Mechanical energy Chemical energy |
| What can energy NOT DO | Be created or destroyed |
| What CAN energy DO | Can be changed from one form to another |
| Cellular respiration | Process that transfers energy from molecules and makes it available for cellular use |
| Wha type of energy does metabolic reactions use | Chemical reactions |
| ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) | Carries energy in a form the cell can use Main energy carrying molecule in cell |
| ATP consist of | Adenine Ribose (sugar) 3 phosphates in a chain |
| What is ADP (adenosine diphosphate) | When ATP loses terminal phosphate |
| ADP can turn back into ATP by | Attaching a third phosphate called phosphorylation which requires energy from cell respiration |
| Where is energy held | In a chemical bond |
| Energy is released when | Chemical bonds are broken |
| Oxidation | Releases energy from glucose |
| Phosphorylation | Add a phosphate back to ADP to make it ATP |
| Aerobic reaction | Require Oxygen and make most of ATP |
| Anaerobic reaction | Doesn't not require oxygen. And makes little ATP |
| Energy is transferred how | 40% chemical energy 60% as heat. maintains body temperature |
| Cellular respiration of glucose occurs in 3 interconnected reactions | Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain / Oxidative phosphorylation |
| Metabolic pathway is a | Cycle |
| Stepwise reaction sequences | Glycolysis Electron transport chain / Oxidative phosphorylation |
| Occurs in a cycle | Critic acid cycle |
| Products of chemical energy | Carbon dioxide Water ATP (chemical energy 40%) Heat 60% |
| Catabolic pathway | For energy production |
| Anabolic pathway | For storage |
| Excessive glucose can be converted into and stored as | Fat Glycogen |
| Glycogen | Most cells but liver and muscle cells store the most |
| Fat is stored in | Adipose tissue |
| Information that instructs a cell or synthesize certain proteins is stored on the sequence of | DNA |
| DNA stores instructions on how to produce protein that functions as | Enzyme Blood proteins Structural proteins of muscle and connective tissue Antibodies Cell membrane components |
| Genetic Infomation | Instructions to tell cell how to construct protein ; stored in DNA sequence |
| Gene | Sequence of DNA that contains info for making 1 protein |
| What sugar is in DNA | Deoxyribose |
| What are DNA bases | A, C, G, T |
| What stand is DNA | Double strand |
| What sugar is in RNA | Ribose |
| What are RNA bases | A, U, G, C |
| What is RNA stand | Single strand |
| How many types of RNA | 3. Types |
| in DNA what bonds with what | A bonds with T G bonds with C |
| DNA replicates _______ mitosis | Before |
| Whats the match (DNA) A- G- C- T- | -T -C -G -A |
| When cell divides each daughter cell .... | Receives identical DNA |
| DNA replication | Process that produces an exact copy of a DNA molecules |
| DNA replication occurs in | Interphase |
| Steps in DNA replication | 1. Hydrogen bonds break between base pairs 2. Stands unwind and separate 3. New nucleotides pair with exposed bases 4. Other enzyme connect |
| 3 bases = | 1 amino acid |
| 3 bases is a | Triplet |
| DNA stores master copy of genetic code and remains in | Nucleus |
| Protein synthesis occurs in | Cytoplasm |
| RNA | Copies and transfers information from DNA to cytoplasm ( helps make the protein) |
| RNA bases bond with what bases | A bonds to U C bonds to G |
| What is transcription | Process of copying DNA sequence onto an RNA sequence |
| mRNA (messenger RNA) | Carries genetic code from DNA to ribosome |
| RNA Polymerase | Enzyme that catalyzes the formation of mRNA from the proper strand of DNA |
| What are Codon's | 3 bases in RNA |
| Protein synthesis occurs in | Cytoplasm |
| Translation is | When the ribosomes "reads" mRNA to make protein |
| DNA -- A T T A C C G mRNA --U A A U G G C This is ? | Transcription |
| Anticodons | 3 bases in tRNA |
| tRNA (Transfer RNA) | Aligns amino acids during protein synthesis along the mRNA strand on the ribosome |
| Translation occurs | In cytoplasm at ribosomes |
| Protein synthesis occurs | On ribosomes in cytoplasm |
| rRNA | Ribosomes structure and protein molecules |
| Mutation | Changes in DNA sequences |
Created by:
Kellifrench
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