| Question | Answer |
| Name the curvatures of the adult spine | --Cervical Lordosis
--Thoracic Kyphosis
--Lumbar Lordosis |
| DEVELOPMENT OF ADULT SPINAL CURVATURES
(Primary or Secondary?)
(When do they develop?) | --Cervical Lordosis- Secondary (w/head lifting)
--Thoracic curve- primary (at birth)
--Lumbar Lordosis- Secondary (w/standing) |
| Intervertebral Discs are located between all vertebrae except.... | C1 and C2 |
| Name 2 Portions of Intervertebral Disc | -Annulus Fibrosus
-Nucleus Pulposus |
| ANNULUS FIBROSUS
(details) | -composed of fibrous CT
-tough (thinner post than ant)
-constructed in interlacing layers
-creates a fibrocartilaginous joint
*can tear w/o herniation; will still hurt |
| NUCLEUS PULPOSUS
(details) | -gelatinous sturcture, deep w/in annulus
-give height to disc
(shorter in pm than am;b/c of compression)
-changes position w/ movt. (moves post w/ flex)
-can herniate through torn annulus
(most herniations are post or lat)
-fluid of reabso |
| Name the ligaments of the spine | -Supraspinous Ligament
-Interspinous Ligament
-Ligamentum Flavum
-Post. Longitudinal Ligament
-Ant. Longitudinal Ligament |
| Name the specialized ligaments of the Upper Cervical Spine | -Cruciform Ligament
(transverse and vertical parts)
-Apical Ligament
-Alar |
| SUPRASPINOUS LIGAMENT
(details) | -runs over the tips of spinous processes
-blends w/interspinous ligament
-thick and deep in cervical region (called ligamentum nuchae)
-helps limit flexion |
| INTERSPINOUS LIGAMENT
(details) | -from lower border of one spinous process to upper border of next
-helps limit flexion |
| LIGAMENTUM FLAVUM
(details) | -strongest & most important of the three (supraspin., interspin, & ligam. flav)
-runs b/t laminae
-one on each side, separated by midline
-laterally blend with the synovial facet joint capsule
-very elastic (yellow color) |
| POSTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT
(details) | -runs on post. surface of vertebral bodies w/in vertebral canal
-thin in lumbar region
-limits flexion |
| ANTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT
(details) | -runs b/t vertebral bodies anteriorly
-crosses over intervertebral discs
-particularly dense in lumbar region
-Limits Extension |
| CRUCIFORM LIGAMENT
{cruciate}
(details) | 1. Transverse part: ("transv. lig. of atlas")
-attchs @ bth ends to the arch of atlas, passing post. to the dens
-Holds the dens against the ant. arch of atlas.
2. Vertical portion: runs from body of axis to occipital bone. |
| APICAL LIGAMENT
{cruciate} | b/t dens and occipital bone |
| ALAR | from sides of dens to edge on ant. aspect of foramen magnum.
Will restrict rotation. |
| Superficial fascia is continuous with... | deep fascia |
| DEEP FASCIA
(details) | - bound to underlying muscle.
-envelops the latissimus dorsi m. and the trapezius m.
-thoracolumbar fascia |
| THORACOLUMBAR FASCIA | - covers deep mm.
-abdominal mm. attachmt through fascia
-made frm aponeuroses of lat dorsi, transv. abdominus, and internal oblique. |
| CUTANEOUS NERVES of superficial back | -dorsal rami of spinal nn.
-posterior branches of lateral cutaneous nn.
-no cutaneous innervation from C1. |
| How does the scapula move? | -Elevation and depression.
-Protaction and Retraction.
-Upward and Downward Rotation. |
| SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES OF THE BACK | (Layer 1) Trapezius, and Latissimus Dorsi.
(Layer 2) Levator Scapulae, Rhomboid Minor, Rhomboid Major.
(Layer 3) Serratus Posterior Superior, Serratus Posterior Inferior. |
| TRIANGLE OF AUSCULTATION | BORDERS:lat. edge of trap., superior edge of latissimus dorsi, lower part of vertebral border of scap.
*At the level of the 6th intercostal space. Covered only by rhomboid maj. Can hear respiratory sounds. |
| LUMBAR TRIANGLE | BORDERS: inferior edge of latissimus dorsi, posterior edge of external oblique, and iliac crest |
| Deep back muscles are covered with a layer of __________ ___________. | deep fascia |
| In the _(1)___ thoracic and _(2)___ region the deep fascia is called the _____(3)______ _________ | (1)-lower
(2)-lumbar
(3)- thoracolumbar fascia |
| General Grouping of Deep Back Muscles | -Splenius
-Erector Spinae
-Transversospinalis Muscles
-Segmental Muscles |
| ALL deep back muscles are innervated by _______ ________ _________ | dorsal primary rami |
| If both of these muscles contract the head will tilt back. With unilateral contraction the head is rotated in that direction | -Splenius Cervicis
-Splenius Capitis |
| What is an aponeurosis? | broad flat tendon (attachment) |
| Name the three parts of the Erector Spinae. | -Iliocostalis
-Longissimus
-Spinalis |
| Which of the three parts of the erector spinae is the least developed? | spinalis |
| Name the Transversospinalis Muscles | -Semispinalis
-Multifidus
-Rotators |
| Name the parts of the Semispinalis mm. | thoracic, cervicis, capitis |
| What transversospinalis muscle crosses 1 or 2 segments? | Rotators |
| What transversospinalis muscle crosses 2-4 segments? | Multifidus |
| What transversospinalis muscle crosses 4-6 segments? | Semispinalis |
| Of the three listed below: Which one is well developed in cervical area but not seen in the lumbar area?
Semispinalis, multifidus, rotators | Semispinalis |
| Action of all the transversospinalis mm. is rotation to the ____________ side. | opposite |
| SEGMENTAL MUSCLES | -extend from one vertebra to the next.
-in cervical and lumbar regions.
-2 Groups: interspinales and intertransversarii. |
| Suboccipital Muscles connect what? | atlast and axis to each other and to the skull. |
| Name the SUBOCCIPITAL MUSCLES | -Obliquus Capitis Inferior
-Obliquus Capitis Superior
-Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
-Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor |
| SUBOCCIPITAL TRIANGLE | BORDERS: obliquus capitis inf., obliq. capitis. sup., rectus capitis post. maj.
CONTENTS: post. arch of atlas, vertebral artery, suboccip. n (C1) [no cutaneous branches] |
| The GREATER OCCIPITAL NERVE (C2 dorsal ramus) emerges from under __(1)___ ______ ______, traverses the _____(2)_______ triangle, pierces the ___(3)___ ______ on its way towards the scalp where it is associated with the ____(4)__ ______. | 1-obliquus capitis inferior.
2-suboccipital triangle.
3-semispinalis capitis.
4-occipital artery. |
| What nerve comes from lower down, travels up, and exits at back top of skull? | Greater Occipital Nerve |
| What muscles helps to pull/extend arm down? | Latissimus Dorsi |
| What ligament holds the dens against the anterior arch of the atlas? | Transverse part of the cruciform (cruciate) ligament |
| What aponeuroses make up the thoracolumbar fascia? | aponeuroses of latissimus dorsi, transversus abdominus, and internal oblique. |
