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The Back - PT620
Questions and flashcards from the outline Summer 2009
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the curvatures of the adult spine | --Cervical Lordosis --Thoracic Kyphosis --Lumbar Lordosis |
| DEVELOPMENT OF ADULT SPINAL CURVATURES (Primary or Secondary?) (When do they develop?) | --Cervical Lordosis- Secondary (w/head lifting) --Thoracic curve- primary (at birth) --Lumbar Lordosis- Secondary (w/standing) |
| Intervertebral Discs are located between all vertebrae except.... | C1 and C2 |
| Name 2 Portions of Intervertebral Disc | -Annulus Fibrosus -Nucleus Pulposus |
| ANNULUS FIBROSUS (details) | -composed of fibrous CT -tough (thinner post than ant) -constructed in interlacing layers -creates a fibrocartilaginous joint *can tear w/o herniation; will still hurt |
| NUCLEUS PULPOSUS (details) | -gelatinous sturcture, deep w/in annulus -give height to disc (shorter in pm than am;b/c of compression) -changes position w/ movt. (moves post w/ flex) -can herniate through torn annulus (most herniations are post or lat) -fluid of reabso |
| Name the ligaments of the spine | -Supraspinous Ligament -Interspinous Ligament -Ligamentum Flavum -Post. Longitudinal Ligament -Ant. Longitudinal Ligament |
| Name the specialized ligaments of the Upper Cervical Spine | -Cruciform Ligament (transverse and vertical parts) -Apical Ligament -Alar |
| SUPRASPINOUS LIGAMENT (details) | -runs over the tips of spinous processes -blends w/interspinous ligament -thick and deep in cervical region (called ligamentum nuchae) -helps limit flexion |
| INTERSPINOUS LIGAMENT (details) | -from lower border of one spinous process to upper border of next -helps limit flexion |
| LIGAMENTUM FLAVUM (details) | -strongest & most important of the three (supraspin., interspin, & ligam. flav) -runs b/t laminae -one on each side, separated by midline -laterally blend with the synovial facet joint capsule -very elastic (yellow color) |
| POSTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT (details) | -runs on post. surface of vertebral bodies w/in vertebral canal -thin in lumbar region -limits flexion |
| ANTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT (details) | -runs b/t vertebral bodies anteriorly -crosses over intervertebral discs -particularly dense in lumbar region -Limits Extension |
| CRUCIFORM LIGAMENT {cruciate} (details) | 1. Transverse part: ("transv. lig. of atlas") -attchs @ bth ends to the arch of atlas, passing post. to the dens -Holds the dens against the ant. arch of atlas. 2. Vertical portion: runs from body of axis to occipital bone. |
| APICAL LIGAMENT {cruciate} | b/t dens and occipital bone |
| ALAR | from sides of dens to edge on ant. aspect of foramen magnum. Will restrict rotation. |
| Superficial fascia is continuous with... | deep fascia |
| DEEP FASCIA (details) | - bound to underlying muscle. -envelops the latissimus dorsi m. and the trapezius m. -thoracolumbar fascia |
| THORACOLUMBAR FASCIA | - covers deep mm. -abdominal mm. attachmt through fascia -made frm aponeuroses of lat dorsi, transv. abdominus, and internal oblique. |
| CUTANEOUS NERVES of superficial back | -dorsal rami of spinal nn. -posterior branches of lateral cutaneous nn. -no cutaneous innervation from C1. |
| How does the scapula move? | -Elevation and depression. -Protaction and Retraction. -Upward and Downward Rotation. |
| SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES OF THE BACK | (Layer 1) Trapezius, and Latissimus Dorsi. (Layer 2) Levator Scapulae, Rhomboid Minor, Rhomboid Major. (Layer 3) Serratus Posterior Superior, Serratus Posterior Inferior. |
| TRIANGLE OF AUSCULTATION | BORDERS:lat. edge of trap., superior edge of latissimus dorsi, lower part of vertebral border of scap. *At the level of the 6th intercostal space. Covered only by rhomboid maj. Can hear respiratory sounds. |
| LUMBAR TRIANGLE | BORDERS: inferior edge of latissimus dorsi, posterior edge of external oblique, and iliac crest |
| Deep back muscles are covered with a layer of __________ ___________. | deep fascia |
| In the _(1)___ thoracic and _(2)___ region the deep fascia is called the _____(3)______ _________ | (1)-lower (2)-lumbar (3)- thoracolumbar fascia |
| General Grouping of Deep Back Muscles | -Splenius -Erector Spinae -Transversospinalis Muscles -Segmental Muscles |
| ALL deep back muscles are innervated by _______ ________ _________ | dorsal primary rami |
| If both of these muscles contract the head will tilt back. With unilateral contraction the head is rotated in that direction | -Splenius Cervicis -Splenius Capitis |
| What is an aponeurosis? | broad flat tendon (attachment) |
| Name the three parts of the Erector Spinae. | -Iliocostalis -Longissimus -Spinalis |
| Which of the three parts of the erector spinae is the least developed? | spinalis |
| Name the Transversospinalis Muscles | -Semispinalis -Multifidus -Rotators |
| Name the parts of the Semispinalis mm. | thoracic, cervicis, capitis |
| What transversospinalis muscle crosses 1 or 2 segments? | Rotators |
| What transversospinalis muscle crosses 2-4 segments? | Multifidus |
| What transversospinalis muscle crosses 4-6 segments? | Semispinalis |
| Of the three listed below: Which one is well developed in cervical area but not seen in the lumbar area? Semispinalis, multifidus, rotators | Semispinalis |
| Action of all the transversospinalis mm. is rotation to the ____________ side. | opposite |
| SEGMENTAL MUSCLES | -extend from one vertebra to the next. -in cervical and lumbar regions. -2 Groups: interspinales and intertransversarii. |
| Suboccipital Muscles connect what? | atlast and axis to each other and to the skull. |
| Name the SUBOCCIPITAL MUSCLES | -Obliquus Capitis Inferior -Obliquus Capitis Superior -Rectus Capitis Posterior Major -Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor |
| SUBOCCIPITAL TRIANGLE | BORDERS: obliquus capitis inf., obliq. capitis. sup., rectus capitis post. maj. CONTENTS: post. arch of atlas, vertebral artery, suboccip. n (C1) [no cutaneous branches] |
| The GREATER OCCIPITAL NERVE (C2 dorsal ramus) emerges from under __(1)___ ______ ______, traverses the _____(2)_______ triangle, pierces the ___(3)___ ______ on its way towards the scalp where it is associated with the ____(4)__ ______. | 1-obliquus capitis inferior. 2-suboccipital triangle. 3-semispinalis capitis. 4-occipital artery. |
| What nerve comes from lower down, travels up, and exits at back top of skull? | Greater Occipital Nerve |
| What muscles helps to pull/extend arm down? | Latissimus Dorsi |
| What ligament holds the dens against the anterior arch of the atlas? | Transverse part of the cruciform (cruciate) ligament |
| What aponeuroses make up the thoracolumbar fascia? | aponeuroses of latissimus dorsi, transversus abdominus, and internal oblique. |
Created by:
christajtodd
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