Question | Answer |
SYNARTHROSES | IMMOVABLE JOINTS. NO MOTION (Ex. Sternocostal, tibiofibular) |
AMPHIARTHROSES | SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE JOINTS (Ex. Vertebral Bodies, pubic bones) |
DIARTHROSES | FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS (Ex. most appendicular) |
3 TYPES OF JOINTS: | FIBROUS, CARTILAGINOUS, SYNOVIAL |
FIBROUS JOINTS (SYNARTHROSES) | FIBROUS JOINTS ONLY; NO CAVITY.
FEW AMPHIARTHROTIC; MOSTLY SYNARTHROTIC |
FIBROUS JOINTS: 3 TYPES | SUTURES, SYNDESMOSES, GOMPHOSES |
SUTURES | (Ex. Skull, Interdigitating articulating bone.
SUTURES CONTAIN: FIBROUS CT (Until adulthood when they OSSIFY (synostoses) BECOMING BONY JUNCTIONS |
SYNDESMOSES | (Ex. Tibiofibular joint, distal ends)
BONES CONNECT VIA FILAMENTOUS SHEET OR CORD. FIBERS ARE LONGER THAN IN SUTURES, SLIGHTY MORE RESILIENT. (SYNARTHROTIC) |
GOMPHOSES | (Ex. Fibrous connection = periodontal ligament) ARTICULATION OF TOOTH WITH BONY AVEOLAR SOCKET. |
FUNCTIONS OF FIBROUS JOINTS | CONNECTS FLAT BONES LIKE A JIGSAW PUZZLE.
FIBROUS BAND CALLED LIGAMENT CONNECT THE BONES.
CONNECTS ROOT & JAW & TEETH TO SOCKET OF JAWBONE. |
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS (AMPHIARTHROSES) | MOST CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS ALLOW SOME MOTION AND ARE AMPHIARTHROTIC.
ARTICULATING BONES ARE UNITED BY CARTILAGE.
LACK A JOINT CAVITY.
CHONDR/O = CARTILAGE |
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS: 2 TYPES | SYNCHONDROSES, SYMPHYSES |
SYNCHONDROSES | HYALINE CARTILAGE UNITES BONES AT A SYNCHONDROSIS (Temporary Joints; Sites of Bone Growth).
CARTILAGE IS REPLACED BY BONE (SYNOSTOTIC)
Ex. Synarthrotic Epiphyseal Plate and Manubrium/1st Rib & functionally amphiarthrotic ribs 2-10 |
SYMPHYSES | ARTICULAR SURFACES OF BONE COVERED BY HYALINE CARTILAGE, FUSED TO A INTERVENING PAD OR PLATE.
(Compressible, Resilient, Functionally Amphiarthrotic.)
Ex. Pubic Symphysis (junction of pubic bones) and Intervertebral discs. Fibro cartilage between bones. |
SYNOVIAL JOINTS (DIARTHROSES) | MOST SYNOVIAL JOINTS ARE FILLED WITH SYNOVIAL FLUID , WHICH LUBRICATES THE JOINT.
ARTICULAR BONES SEPARATED BY FLUID FILLED JOINT CAVITY. |
SYNOVIAL: 5 JOINTS OF LIMBS; DIARTHROTIC | 1 ARTICULAR CARTILAGE (HYALINE)
2 JOINT CAVITY
3 ARTICULAR CAPSULE (EXTERNAL FIBROUS CAPSULE &
INTERNAL SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.)
4 SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
5 REINFORCING LIGAMENTS: INTRINSIC, EXTRACAPSULAR, INTRACAPSULAR |
SYNOVIAL JOINT AXIS OF MOTION: | NONAXIAL, UNIAXIAL, BIAXIAL, MULTIAXIAL |
NONAXIAL | SLIPPING MOVEMENTS |
UNIAXIAL | MOVEMENT IN ONE PLANE (Phalanges, radius/ulna, femur/tibia) |
BIAXIAL | MOVEMENT IN TWO PLANES (Occipital bone/Atlas) |
MULTIAXIAL | MOVEMENT IN THREE PLANES (Scapula/Humerus, coxal bone/femur) |
SYNOVIAL JOINT ROM - TYPE OF MOTIONS: | GLIDING, ANGULAR, FLEXION, EXTENSION, ABDUCTION, ADDUCTION, CIRCUMDUCTION, ROTATION |
GLIDING | BONES DISPLACED IN RELATION TO ONE ANOTHER
Ex. Intercarpal, inntertarsal, intervertebral joints. |
ANGULAR | CHANGES ANGLE BETWEEN TWO BONES.
Ex. Increase/Decrease angle of a joint. |
FLEXION/EXTENSION | FLEXION: BENDING; DECREASING ANGLE.
EXTENSION: STRETCHING; INCREASING ANGLE |
ABDUCTION/ADDUCTION | ABDUCTION: MOVE AWAY FROM MIDLINE. (Spread fingers apart)
ADDUCTION: MOVE TOWARD MIDLINE (Close fingers together) |
CIRCUMDUCTION | DRAW AROUND, CONICAL SHAPE |
ROTATION | TURNING MOVEMENT OF A BONE AROUND ITS OWN AXIS.
Ex. Atlas and Axis of the vertebrae. |
SYNOVIAL JOINTS - TYPES: | PLANE, CONDYLOID, SADDLE, HINGE, PIVOT, BALL-AND-SOCKET. |
JOINTS ARE CLASSIFIED BY: | STRUCTURE & FUNCTION |
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION: 3 TYPES | SYNARTHROSES
DIARTHROSES
AMPHIARTHOSES |
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION: 3 TYPES | FIBROUS JOINTS
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
SYNOVIAL JOINTS |
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE | SECRETES A WATERY FLUID CALLED SYNOVIAL FLUID |
SYNOVIAL FLUID | SIMILAR TO BLOOD PLASMA WITHOUT PROTEINS.
PERMITS FRICTIONLESS MOTION. |
JOINT CAPSULE | MADE OF DENSE IRREGULAR COLLEGENOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
PROVIDES STRENGTH AND STRUCTURAL REINFORCEMENT.
LINED BY SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE. |
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE | ARTICULATING ENDS OF BONES AE COVERED (USUALLY HYALINE CARTILAGE).
PROVIDES SMOOTH, NEARLY FRICTIONLESS SURFACE FOR ARTICULATION. |
LIGAMENTS | BONES ARE HELD TOGETHER BY LIGAMENTS.
REINFORCE THE JOINT.
INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC LIGAMENTS ARE A PART OF AND OUTSIDE THE JOINT CAPSULE. |
ARTICULAR DISCS - MENISCI | ARTICULAR DISCS OF FIBROCARTILAGE PADS.
PROVIDE IMPROVED FIT OF TWO BONES TO PREVENT DISLOCATION |
ACL/PCL - ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENTS | ANTERIOR CRUCIATE: EXTENDS FROM ANT. TIBIAL PLATEAU TO LATERAL FEMORAL CONDYLE.
FUNCTION: PREVENT HYPEREXTENSION OF KNEE
POSTERIOR CRUIATE: EXTENDS FROM POST. TIBIAL PLATEAU TO MEDIAL FEMORAL.
FUNCTION: PREVENT POST. DISPLACEMENT OF TIBIA ON FEMUR |
MEDIAL/LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS MLC/LCL | MEDIAL AND LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS EXTEND FROM MEDIAL TIBIA AND LATERAL FIBULA TO FEMUR.
FUNCTION: RESIST VARUS AND VALGUS (MEDIAL AND LATERAL) STRESSES. |
BURSAE | FLUID FILLED SACS AROUND JOINT OF KNEE, TO REDUCE FRICTION AROUND KNEE AS IT MOVES. |
SYNOVIAL JOINT TYPE MOVEMENTS:
PLANE | PLANE - FLAT SURFACES ALLOW GLIDING PAST OTHER BONES |
SYNOVIAL JOINT TYPE MOVEMENTS:
HINGE | HINGE - ELBOW (CONVEX SURFACE OF ONE BONE, FITS INTO CONCAVE ARTICULATION SURFACE OF ANOTHER.)
BONES FIT LIKE HINGE OF A DOOR. |
SYNOVIAL JOINT TYPE MOVEMENTS:
PIVOT | PIVOT - BONE ROTATES AROUND ANOTHER. (USUALLY HAS A ROUNDED PROJECTION THAT FITS INTO ANOTHER GROOVE OF ANOTHER BONE.) |
SYNOVIAL JOINT TYPE MOVEMENTS:
CONDYLOID | CONDYLOID - ONE BONE THAT FITS INTO THE CONCAVE SURFACE OF ANOTHER. |
SYNOVIAL JOINT TYPE MOVEMENTS:
SADDLE | SADDLE - RESEMBLE CONDYLOID JOINTS BUT PERMIT GREATER RANGE OF MOVEMENT |
SYNOVIAL JOINT TYPE MOVEMENTS:
BALL-AND-SOCKET | BALL-AND-JOINT ARE ROUNDED, BALL LIKE END OF BONE THAT FITS INTO THE CONCAVE SOCKET OF ANOTHER BONE (SHOULDER) |
FLEXION | MOVEMENT IN ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR PLANE.
DECREASES ANGLE AT THE JOINT.
(Ex. Neck, Head, Hip) |
EXTENSION | MOVEMENT IN ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR PLANE.
INCREASES ANGLE AT THE JOINT.
Ex. When laying flat, all major axis/appendicular skeletal joints are at full extension) |
HYPEREXTENSION | EXTENDS PAST ANATOMICAL POSITION. |
FLEXION | VERTEBREAL COLUMN BENDS TO SIDE AT CERVICAL/THROACIC REGIONS. |
DORSIFLEXION | MOVEMENT OF ANKLE THAT DECREASES ANGLE BETWEEN FOOT AND LEG. |
PLANTAR FLEXION | EXTENDS AT ANKLE (Pointing Toes, Standing on tiptoes) |
MEDIAL/LATERAL ROTATION | MEDIAL: TOWARD TRUNK (INTERNAL) (Palms down)
LATERAL: OUTWARD/AWAY FROM TRUNK (EXTERNAL) (Palms up) |
OPPOSITION | TOUCHING THUMB TO PINKI. (1ST CARPOMETACARPAL TO THE 5TH METACARPOPHALANGEAL)
AKA GRASPING |
PROTRACTION/RETRACTION | MOVING A BODY PART AWAY ANTERIORALLY IN HORIZONTAL PLANE.
Ex. Extending jaw outward
RETRACTION: Ex. Moving jaw inward to normal
Ex. Clavicles protract when you cross your arms |
DEPRESSION/ELEVATION | DEPRESSION: BODY PART MOVES INFERIORLY -
ELEVATION: LIFTING BODY STRUCTURE SUPERIORLY
Ex. Opening and closing jaws/mouth. |
INVERSION/EVERSION | INVERSION: TWISTING OF FOOT INWARD, TURING SOLE INWARD, ELEVATING MEDIAL SOLE.
EVERSION: TWISTING/TURNING OF FOOT OUTWARD |
PRONATION | TURNING PALM OVER TO FACE DOWN POSTERIORLY |
SUPINATION | TURNING PALM UP ANTERIORLY |