Question | Answer |
Salt | ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and anions other than OH- (dissociate in water) |
Electrolyte | substance that conducts an electrical current in a solution (all ions are electrolytes) (dissociate in water) |
What is one of the most important functions of the kidney? | Maintain correct ionic balance in body fluids required for homeostasis |
List the 5 properties that make water vital to life | High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, Polar solvent properties, reactivity, cushioning |
Acid | a substance that releases Hydrogen ions (H+) in detectable amounts (also called proton donors) Electrolytes |
Bases | A substance that takes up Hydrogen ions (H+). also called proton acceptors. Electrolytes |
Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) | an importance base found in blood |
pH units | measures the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in various fluids |
What happens when acids and bases mix? | they react to form water and a salt |
neutralization reaction | reaction when an acid and base mix. They neutralize and form water anda salt |
Buffers | Chemical systems that resist abrupt and large swings in pH levels |
Why is Carbon so important | Unlike any other small atom, it is electroneutral |
Polymers | chainlike molecules made of many smaller, identical or similar units (monomers) joined together |
Monosaccharides | Simple sugars or single-chain structures containing from 3 to 7 carbon atoms |
Disaccharide | double sugar, or two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis |
Polysaccharides | polymers of simple sugars. Large and fairly insoluble they are ideal storage products. |
Glycogen | Polysaccharide (storage carbohydrate) of animals |
Lipids | insoluble in water, but soluble in other lipids or organic solvents |
Triglycerides | also called neutral fats. called fats when solid and oils when liquid. very large molecules. composed of fatty acids and glycerol |
Saturated fats | single covalent bonds between carbon atoms form single chains resulting in solid fats.
Animal Fats (Solid at room temp) |
unsaturated fats | contain one or more double bond between carbon atoms resulting in liquid oils
Plant oils (liquid at room temp) |
Trans fats | Oils that have been solidified by the addition of hydrogen atoms at the point of the double bonds |
Phospholipids | modified triglycerides (contain 2 instead of 3 fatty acid chains) |
Steriods | fat soluble, containing little oxygen. 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings |
Amino acids | building block of proteins. can act as either an acid or a base |
Peptide bond | bond joining the amine group of one amino acid to the acid carboxly group of a second amino acid with the loss of water |
Macrololecules | large, complex molecules containing over 100 to 10,000 amino acids |
alpha-helix structure of protein | coiled structure - like a slinky toy
always link different parts of the same chain together |
beta-sheet structure of protein | pleated, ribbon like structure - like an accordion bellow
may link different chains or different parts of the same chain |
fibrous proteins | also called structural proteins - extended and strand like
insoluble in water and very stable
Structural proteins |
what is the most abundant protein in the body | collagen |
globular proteins | also called functional proteins - compact, spherical
water soluble and chemically active
Transport proteins
Hydrogen bonds
Can be disrupted by pH imbalance
Depends on active sites |
denatured condition | when a protein unfolds and loses its 3-dimensional shape due to temperature or pH changes |
Enzyme | globular protein that acts as a biological catalyst
Binds to substrate
Denaturation disrupts process |
Activation Energy | The amount of energy required to push a reactant to the level necessary for action |
Nucleic acids | the largest molecules in the body composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus |
What are the two major classes of Nucleic acids | Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
Nucleotides | structural units of nucleic acids |
What are the 5 major varieties of nitrogen containing bases that contribute to nucleotide structure | adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) |
Double helix | spiral staircase like structure of DNA |
What are the complementary bases | A always bonds to T
G always bonds to C |
DNA | Long, double-stranded polymer consisting of A, G, C and T
main sugar is deoxyribose
Gives instruction to RNA
Replicates cell division |
RNA | carries out the orders for protein synthesis issued by DNA.
Single strands of nucleotides consisting of A, G, C, and U
Main sugar is Ribose |
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | Organic molecule that stores and releases chemical energy (glucose) for use in the body
Energy can be used immediately
Directly powers chemical reactions in cells |
What are the 2 classes of compounds | Organic
inorganic |
Inorganic compounds | don't contain carbon (except CO2 and CO)
water, salts, and many acids and bases |
organic compounds | contain carbon, usually large, and covalently bonded
carbohydrates, fats, proteins and nucleic acids |
What is the normal pH level for blood | between 7.35 and 7.45 |
What are the 4 main kinds of organic compounds | Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids |
What are the 3 classes of carbohydrates | Monosaccharides (One sugar),
Disaccharides (Two sugars),
Polysaccharides (many sugars) |
What are the two major functions of carbohydrates | Source of Cellular fuel (glucose)
Structural molecules |
What two kinds of foods are carbohydrates | sugars
starches |
What are the 3 main functions of Lipids | Energy storage
Insulation
Protection |
What kind of organic compound are steroids | Lipids |
What kinds of organic compound are triglycerides? | Lipids |
What makes phospholipids unique | they have a head an tail region that are each polarized |
What is the most important steroid | Cholesterol |
List 4 common steroids found in the body | Cholesterol
Vitamin D
Steroid hormones
Bile Salts |
Are proteins polymers or monomers | Polymers |
What are the monomers found in proteins | amino acids |
What elements are common to proteins | Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
sometimes Sulfur and Phosphorus |
What kind of bond joins amino acids | covalent bonds called peptide bonds |
Amino acids contain what two groups | amine group (acts like base)
acid group (acts like acid) |
All amino acids have the same structure except for which part | the R group |
What are amino acids with less than 50 chains called | Polypeptide |
What accounts for the different function in amino acids | their chain sequence variation |
What are the four levels of protein structure in amino acids | 1. primary - chain of amino acids
2. secondary - formation of helices or sheets
3. teritary - helices or sheets fold up to form globular molecules
4. quaternary - two or more polypeptide chains, each with its own first three levels combine |
Name 2 examples of fibrous proteins | Collagen
Keratin |
Give 3 examples of Globular proteins | Antibodies
Hormones
Enzymes |
What are the three kinds of RNA | Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
What is the structure of RNA | Adenine containing RNA nucleotide with two additional phosphate groups |
What are three functions of ATP | Transport work - activates proteins to transport solutes across cell membranes
Mechanical work - contract proteins in muscle cells so they can shorten
Chemical work - provides energy for chemical reactions |
What is the pH range for acidic cubstances | 0 to 6.999 (below 7) |
What is the pH range for alkaline subtances | 7.0001 to 14 (above 7) |