Question | Answer |
What is anemia? | Iron deficiency
Rbc turnover, they aren't reproducing |
Sickle cell disease | Sickle shated rbc, clogs vessels, prevalent in AA, imparts resistant to malaria, hereditary |
Name the white blood cells | Nueteophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes |
Categories of WBC | Granulocytes, Agranulocytes |
Characteristics of neutrophil | 3 to 5 lobes, 65% of wbc, fastest response of wbc to fight bacteria |
Neutrophil release | Lysozymes for bacteria fighting, defensive proteins like antibiotics, strong oxidants like bleach |
Basophils characteristics | No clear nucleus, dark purple in color, less than 1% of wbc, cause serious allergy issues, inflammation and allergy reactions |
Basophils release | Histamines, heparin, serotonin
Act as hypersensitivity allergic reaction |
Eosinophils | Reddish in color, 2 to 3 nucleus, 2 to 4 % circulation, leave capillaries to enter tissue fluid, attack parasite worms, phagocytize antibody |
Eosinophils release | Histaminase, counteract histamine, slows down inflammation |
Lymphocytes characteristics | Nucleus takes up most of space in cell, 20 to 25% wbc, turn in t cell and b cell, calcitonin |
Lymphocytes b cells | Destroy bacteria and toxins, turns into plasma that produces antibodies |
What's are the functions of thyroid | Regulates metabolism and calcium levels, follicular cells, parafollicular cells |
What do thyroxine and triiodthyronine do | Release carbs and lipid breakdown, increase protein synthesis, metabolism increases |
What is goiter | Iodine deficiency, thyroid swells, pituitary releases TSH..make t3 & t4 |
What does calcitonin do | Increase calcium and phosphate deposition in bones, decrease blood calcium, stimulate oateoblast, inhibit osteoclasts
Parafollicular cell |
What 3 hormones does the thyroid produce | Thyroxine t4, triiodthyronine t3, calcitonin |
What are the hypothalamus hormones, 7 of then | Growth hormones ghrh, somatostatin, prolactin releasing factor, prolactin releasing inhibiting hormone, corticotropic releasing hormones, thyrotropic releasing hormones, gonadotropin releasing hormone |
What is acromegaly | Too much hgh, often pit unitary tumor, uncontrolled growth, prominent brow, jaw, large nose |
What is difference between oxytocin and prolactin | Oxy in posterior pituitary, uterine contractions, release milk from breast.
Pro in anterior pituitary, produce milk in breast |
Luteinizing hormone | Anterior pituitary, stimulates secretion of testosterone and estrogen, ovulation, formation of corpus leuteum |
Follicle stimulating hormone | Anterior pituitary, follicle formation in ovaries, sperm production in testes |
Adrenocorticotropic hormone | Anterior pituitary hormone, adrenal cortex... cortisol |
Human growth hormone | Anterior pituitary, stimulates most tissue produce insulin like growth factor, increase cell division protein synthesis |
Thyroid stimulating hormone | Anterior pituitary, thyroid.. metabolism, increase t3 and t4 |
Prolactin | Anterior pituitary, mammary glands lactation stimulate production of milk |
The anterior pituitary produces what hormones | Human growth, prolactin, thyroid stimulating, adrenocorticotropic, follicle stimulating, luteinizing hormone |
Posterior pituitary hormones | Oxytocin, antidiuretic |
What do antidiuretic hormones do | Vasopressin, occur in kidney, increase h2o reabsorbtion, decrease urine production |
What does oxytocin do | Uterus contraction, mammary glands release milk |
What do hormones receptors do | Circulate hormones throughout body, affect target cells with specific hormone receptors |
What does your thyroid do | Regulate metabolism and calcium levels, follicular cells, parafollicular cells, calcitonin |
Osteoclast | Crush bone |
Osteoblast | Build bone |
Nonsteriod hormones | Amine, peptide, protein, prostaglandins |
Steriods hormones | Derived from cholesterol, lipid soluble, no surface receptor, often bound to transporter protein |
What are the types of hormones | Steriods and nonsteriod |
Negative feedback | Release of hormones decreases the amount of hormone released |
Positive feedback | Release hormone stimulates the release of more hormones directly or indirectly |
What are the 3 endocrine transmissions | Endorcrine, autocross and paracrine |
What is the endocrine system functions | Display transmission, exocytosis, bloodstream, hormones, growth and development and reproduction |
Endocrine helps regulate | EXtracellular fluid, metabolism, biological clock, contractions of caring and smooth muscle, glandular muscles, some immune functions |
What does synaptic transmission do | Local transmission, vesicular release, synaptic cleft, neurotransmitters |
Hormones definition | Substances secreted into the blood stream |
Endocrine system | Excrete hormones, effector can be anywhere |
Hypothyroidism | Stunted growth, abnormal bone formation, intellectual disability, low metabolic rate, swollen tissue |
Graves disease | A form of hypothyroidism |
Goiter | Defiency of thyroid hormones due to iodine deficiency |
Facts of iron | Stored in the liver muscle or spleen, in bone marrow being used for hemoglobin synthesis |
Jaundice | Liver doesn't dump excess bile |
How is hemoglobin recycles | Heme group, decomposes to biliverdin and iron, convert to bilirubin, bilirubin secreted by liver into bile, excess bilirubin.. jaundice |
What does insulin do | Decrease blood glucose, transport into cells.. muscle and liver.... produce by beta cells in islet |
What does glucagon do | Increase blood glucose, produce by alpha cells islets |
Somatostatin | Growth hormone inhibiting, produces by delta cells islet |
Plasma proteins | Albumins, globulin, fibringenious
Lipid soluble |
Blood spun in centrifuge separates how | Plasma.. liquid protein
Buffy coat.. wbc and platelet
Rbc |
What are the compones of blood | Plasma 55%, platelet wbc 1%, rbc 45% |
What does the blood do | Transport gases, proteins, hormines and waate products
Regulates heat
Immune response
Clot formation |
Where is pineal gland | Superior to cerebellum
Posterior to thalamus, release melatonin, carcadian rhythm |
Other endocrine glands | Pineal gland, thymus, reproductive organs |
Adult onset diabetes | Type II, insulin resistance, too much blood sugar, can't get sugar into cells |
Juvenile diabetes | Type I, pancreas doesn't produce insulin, problem with beta cells in islet |
Blood glucose disorder | Polyrurea.. excessive urine
Polydipsia... Constant thrist
Polyphagia.. excessive eating |
Endocrine clinical application | Diabetes mellows
Blood glucose disorder
Type I.. juvenile
Type II..Adult |
Globulins | Plasma protein
Synthesized in liver
36% of circulating proteins,
lipid soluble |
Characteristics of rbc.. aka name | Transport oxygen, lack a nuclues, concave circular shape, 120 day life cycle, recycled in liver..... erythrocyte |
What does the concave circular shape of erythrocyte do | Increase surface area
Bend/flex through capillaries |
What molecule must have 1 iron molecule | Hemaglobin |
One molecule hemoglobin can carry ________ oxygen molecules | 4 |
Albumins | Plasma proteins
Smallest
60 % of circulating proteins
Synthesize in liver
Transport other proteins
Maintain osmotic pressure |
What are pancreas hormones | Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin |
What does the pancreas do | Regulate blood glucose |
Where is the pancreas and what are the parts called | Inferior to liver
Posterior to stomach
Head, body, tail |
Androgens | Sex hormones
Supplement hormones from gonads |
Cortisol | Glucocorticoid
Glucose protein and fat metabolism
Inhibits protein synthesis
Stimulate glucose synthesis in liver
Release of family acids from adipose tissue |
Aldosterone | Is a mineralocorricoI'd
Blood pressure regulator
Kidney..increase sodium absorb to on
Excrete potassium |
What are adrenal cortex hormones | Aldosterone
Cortisol
Androgens |
Pituitary gland | Pea size gland
Sits in Sella turcica of sphenoid bone
Infundibulum connects to brain |
2 lobes of pituitary gland | Anterior
75 %, contains cell bodies that produce hormones
Posterior
25%
Contains axon terminals from cells in hypothalamus |
Prostaglandin | Glycoprotein
Protein and carbs
Fsh..follicular stimulating hormones
TSH. .thyroid stimulating hormones
Local action ..paracrine |
Where is parathyroid gland located | Posterior surface of thyroid
4 small glands |
What does the parathyroid hormone do | Increase blood calcium levels
Stimulate osteoclasts
Inhibits osteoblasts
Intestine absorb more calcium |
Where are adrenal glands located | Above kidneys |
What are the layers of the transverse section of adrenal gland | Capsule
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla |
What are the layers of the adrenal cortex | Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis |
The adrenal medulla hormone does what | Produce fight or flight
Epinephrine. ..adrenaline
Norepinephrine |
What does norepinephrine do | Maintains cardiovascular system blood vessels
Increase heart rate
Force of contractions of heart
Vasocinstriction in skin and vis ceramic
Some dilation of airways |
What does epinephrine do | Affects cardiovascular system liver and airways
Increase hr and force contraction
Dilate airways
Vasodilation in skeletal muscle
Store glycogen in liver
Convert it to glucose |
Proteins are?? | Many amino acids
Parathyroid hormones
Growth hormone |
Peptide | Nonsteriod hormones
Few amino acids
Vasopressin
Oxytocin |
Amine | Nonsteriod hormones
Single modified amino acid
Epinephrine
Nonepinephrine
Derived from tyrosine |
What are the non steriods types of hormones | Amine
Peptide
Proteins
Prostaglandins |
What is the breakdown of steriods hormones | Derived from cholesterol, diffuse across cell membrane, often bound to transporter protein |
What hormones are steriods hormones | Testosterone, estrogen, aldosterone, cortisol |
Steps of lipid soluble hormones | Diffuse across the cell membrane, hormones binds w/ receptor forming receptor hormones complex, receptor enter the nucleus and trigger gene transcription, transcribed MRNA is translated into proteins that alter cell activity |
Blood platelets | No nucleus, cell fragments of megakaryocytes, initial response to injury, form platelet plus |
What is leukemia | Cancer of the leukocytes, treatment is to destroy leukocytes and bone marrow, transplant from donor, lots of WBC |
Thrombopoietin | Stimulates formation of platelets, releases from liver |
Erythropoietin | Stimulation of RBC, released from kidney |
Hematopoietic growth factors | Erythropoietin and thrombopoietin |
What is Hematopoiesis | Formation of RBC.. Red bone marrow, stimulate by erythropoietin from kidney
Formation of lymphocytes.. yellow bone marrow |
Monocyte characteristics | Large nucleus, usually kidney shaped
Large WBC in circulation
Doesn't remain in blood very long
3 to 8% of wbc
Becomes macrophages in tissue
Phagocytize debris |
Lymphocytes t-cells | Attack viruses, fungi, transplanted organs, cancer cells, some bacteria |
Hormones | The secreted substances diffused from the interstitial fluid into the blood stream |
Definition of endocrine | Internal secretion |
They regulate neighboring cells | Prostagladins |
Short chains of amino acid hormones | Peptides |
Long chain of amino acid hormones that are linked and folded into specific molecule structures | Protein hormones |
How do steroids differ | By the type and # of atoms attached to these rings |
Lipids that include complex rings of carbon and hydrogen atoms | Steriods |
Hormones are _________ compounds | Organic |
What is a second messenger | Biochemical in the cell that induce the changes leading to hormone effects |
How does a steriods hormone act on its target cells | Combines with thyroid hormones |
How are hormones chemically classified | Steriods and nonsteriod |
Difference between endocrine and exocringe glands | Endo is internal excretion of substances.. no ducts
Exo is external excretion of substance through rubes or ducts that lead to body surface |
Hormones are organic or inorganic hormones | Organic |
Three nonprotein nitrogenous substances found in plasma | Creatine, amino acids and urea |
Blood is a type of ______ tissue composed of extra cellular matrix and cell | Connective |
What are the four electrolytes found in plasma | Bicarbonate
Calcium
Sodium
Potassium |
Iron is critical for thr synthesis of ______? | Hemoglobin |
T cell function | Attack viruses, fungi, transplanted organs, cancer cells and some bacteria |
B Cells function | Destroy bacteria and their toxins, turn into plasma cells that produces antibodies |
Histaminase | Slows down inflammation caused by basophils |
Histamine | Heighten the inflammatory response and account for hypersensitivity reaction |
Agranulocytes in WBC | Lymphocytes & monocytes |
Granulocytes in WBC | Neutrophil, basophils & eosinophils |
Erythropoiesis occurs in the?? | Yolk sac, liver and spleen |
Hematopoiesis | Formation of blood cells |
Plasma proteins | Albumin, globulin and fibrinogen |
What does blood do | Transports gases, proteins, hormines, waste products. ...regulates hear, immune reaponse, clot formation |
The average adults has _____ liters of blood | 5 |
Blood is ___% of body weight | 8 |
Thromb means | Clot |
Stasis means | Halt, make stand still |
Poly means | Many |
What hormone is inside the colloid | Thyroid |
What is the name of the sphere shaped cell of the thyroid | Follicular |
What are between the follicles of the thyroid | Parafollicular cells |
Parathormone regulates calcium balance in blood in what gland?? | Parathyroid |
The endocrine function of the pancreas consists of the secretion of | Insulin, glucagon & somatostatin |
The most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex | Zona glomerulosa |
The middle layer of adrenal cortex | Zona fasciculata |
What is the deepest layer of the adrenal cortex | Zona reticularis |