| Question | Answer |
| Epidermis | *stratified squamous epitheilum
*normal flora |
| What is normal flora? | normal bacteria |
| What are the two layers of the epidermis? | *stratum corneum
*stratum germinativum |
| Stratum Corneum | *outermost layer
*many layers of dead cells
*keratin is left
*"waterproof"
*barrier to microrganisms |
| What makes the stratum corneum almost waterproof? | keratin |
| Stratum Germinativum | *innermost layer
*mitosis takes place here
*cells have form of cholesterol
*has keratin - alive |
| Where is cholesterol produced? | the liver |
| What is cholesterol involved in the production of? | Vit. D |
| What are the 4 cells of the epidermis? | keratinocytes, merkle cells, langerhan cells, melanocytes |
| Keratinocytes | specialized - produce keratin |
| Merkel cells (discs) | Sensory receptor - touch |
| Langerhan cells | immunity |
| Melanocytes | produce melanin - color (pigmentation) |
| Dermis | *fibrous connective tissue (irregular)
*papillary layer
*hair / nail follicles
*receptors
*glands
*arterioles |
| What is papillary layer? | top layer of dermis, has capillaries |
| Structure of hair follicles | *root: mitosis takes place
*produces keratin & melanin
*arrector pili |
| What is the arrector pili? | muscle, causes goosebumps |
| Function of hair follicles | produces keratin and die, hair itself protects |
| Structure of nail follicles | root is site of mitosis |
| Function of nail follicles | Produces keratin& die, protects end of fingers and toes from mechanical injury |
| What are the two types of receptors in the dermis? | pain: heat/cold
pressure/touch |
| Free or encapsulated nerve ending?
Pain - heat/cold | free |
| Free or encapsulated nerve ending?
Pressure/Touch | encapsulated |
| Glands in the dermis | sebaceous, ceremonious, apocrine, eccrine |
| Sebaceous gland | oil - sebum |
| Functions of sebaceous gland | keep things moist, water barrier, protection |
| Ceremonious gland | ear wax |
| Apocrine glands | underarm,genitals
*secretions are thicker |
| Eccrine glands | forehead, soles of feet, palms of hands
*thin / watery secretions |
| Arterioles & capillaries | supplies O2, removes waste, helps with heat |
| vasodialation | opens up veins
bp: lower
temp: lower |
| vasoconstriction | tightens veins
bp: higher
temp: higher |
| What are the two layers of the skin? | dermis, epidermis |
| The stratum corneum is the....? | top layer |
| Where does mitosis take place? | Stratum germinativuum, hair roots, nail roots |
| The dermis is made of fibrous connective tissues and contains ___________ | nerve endings, glands, capillaries, collagen, elastin |
| Functions of the epidermis | prevent H2O loss, mitosis, production of melanin, protection |
| Functions of the dermis | contains capillaries, insulation, detect changes, produce sebum, produce cerumen, dialate / constrict, converts cholesterol to vit. D |
| What are the proteins of the epidermis and dermis? | keratin, melanin, collagen, elastin |
| What protein gives hair its color? | melanin |
| Subcutaneous tissue
Superficial fascia
hypodermis | connective membrane
*areolar / adipose
*WBC
*Mast Cells
*under dermis
*greatest blood supply |
| Mast Cells | triggers inflammation |
| first degree
"superficial"
burn | *superficial epidermis
*painful
*no blisters
*appears red |
| second degree
"partial thickness"
burn | *deeper layers of epidermis
*painful
*blisters |
| third degree
"full thickness"
burn | *entire epidermis
*may extend to dermis / subcutaneous tissue
*may not be painful at first
*subject to infection and dehydration |
| Basal cell carcinoma | *originates in cells at base of epidermis
*common on upper face
*slow growing
*less likely to metastasize |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | *slow growing
*will metastasize
*lesions begin as painless, hard raised nodules
*common on scalp and ears |
| Malignant melanoma | *very aggressive
*beings in melanocytes
*metastasizes rapidly
*can be all over
*ABCD rule |
| What does the A in the abcd rule stand for? | asymmetry (different on sides) |
| What does the B in the abcd rule stand for? | border (not round) |
| What does the C in the abcd rule stand for? | coloration (heavy to light, light to heavy pigmentation) |
| What does the D in the abcd rule stand for? | diameter (more than 6mm) |
| At what mm can a lesion possibly be skin cancer? | anything more than 6 mm |
| Nathan injured the soft tissues around his ankle, what tissue type is involved? | fibrous connective tissue |
| Nathan also cut his arm, and requires 5 stitches, what membrane did they go through? | cutaneous |
| Splinter that wasn't bleeding - what layers did it go through? | epidermis only |
