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A&P Chapter 5
Tri - Rivers School of Practical Nursing
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Epidermis | *stratified squamous epitheilum *normal flora |
| What is normal flora? | normal bacteria |
| What are the two layers of the epidermis? | *stratum corneum *stratum germinativum |
| Stratum Corneum | *outermost layer *many layers of dead cells *keratin is left *"waterproof" *barrier to microrganisms |
| What makes the stratum corneum almost waterproof? | keratin |
| Stratum Germinativum | *innermost layer *mitosis takes place here *cells have form of cholesterol *has keratin - alive |
| Where is cholesterol produced? | the liver |
| What is cholesterol involved in the production of? | Vit. D |
| What are the 4 cells of the epidermis? | keratinocytes, merkle cells, langerhan cells, melanocytes |
| Keratinocytes | specialized - produce keratin |
| Merkel cells (discs) | Sensory receptor - touch |
| Langerhan cells | immunity |
| Melanocytes | produce melanin - color (pigmentation) |
| Dermis | *fibrous connective tissue (irregular) *papillary layer *hair / nail follicles *receptors *glands *arterioles |
| What is papillary layer? | top layer of dermis, has capillaries |
| Structure of hair follicles | *root: mitosis takes place *produces keratin & melanin *arrector pili |
| What is the arrector pili? | muscle, causes goosebumps |
| Function of hair follicles | produces keratin and die, hair itself protects |
| Structure of nail follicles | root is site of mitosis |
| Function of nail follicles | Produces keratin& die, protects end of fingers and toes from mechanical injury |
| What are the two types of receptors in the dermis? | pain: heat/cold pressure/touch |
| Free or encapsulated nerve ending? Pain - heat/cold | free |
| Free or encapsulated nerve ending? Pressure/Touch | encapsulated |
| Glands in the dermis | sebaceous, ceremonious, apocrine, eccrine |
| Sebaceous gland | oil - sebum |
| Functions of sebaceous gland | keep things moist, water barrier, protection |
| Ceremonious gland | ear wax |
| Apocrine glands | underarm,genitals *secretions are thicker |
| Eccrine glands | forehead, soles of feet, palms of hands *thin / watery secretions |
| Arterioles & capillaries | supplies O2, removes waste, helps with heat |
| vasodialation | opens up veins bp: lower temp: lower |
| vasoconstriction | tightens veins bp: higher temp: higher |
| What are the two layers of the skin? | dermis, epidermis |
| The stratum corneum is the....? | top layer |
| Where does mitosis take place? | Stratum germinativuum, hair roots, nail roots |
| The dermis is made of fibrous connective tissues and contains ___________ | nerve endings, glands, capillaries, collagen, elastin |
| Functions of the epidermis | prevent H2O loss, mitosis, production of melanin, protection |
| Functions of the dermis | contains capillaries, insulation, detect changes, produce sebum, produce cerumen, dialate / constrict, converts cholesterol to vit. D |
| What are the proteins of the epidermis and dermis? | keratin, melanin, collagen, elastin |
| What protein gives hair its color? | melanin |
| Subcutaneous tissue Superficial fascia hypodermis | connective membrane *areolar / adipose *WBC *Mast Cells *under dermis *greatest blood supply |
| Mast Cells | triggers inflammation |
| first degree "superficial" burn | *superficial epidermis *painful *no blisters *appears red |
| second degree "partial thickness" burn | *deeper layers of epidermis *painful *blisters |
| third degree "full thickness" burn | *entire epidermis *may extend to dermis / subcutaneous tissue *may not be painful at first *subject to infection and dehydration |
| Basal cell carcinoma | *originates in cells at base of epidermis *common on upper face *slow growing *less likely to metastasize |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | *slow growing *will metastasize *lesions begin as painless, hard raised nodules *common on scalp and ears |
| Malignant melanoma | *very aggressive *beings in melanocytes *metastasizes rapidly *can be all over *ABCD rule |
| What does the A in the abcd rule stand for? | asymmetry (different on sides) |
| What does the B in the abcd rule stand for? | border (not round) |
| What does the C in the abcd rule stand for? | coloration (heavy to light, light to heavy pigmentation) |
| What does the D in the abcd rule stand for? | diameter (more than 6mm) |
| At what mm can a lesion possibly be skin cancer? | anything more than 6 mm |
| Nathan injured the soft tissues around his ankle, what tissue type is involved? | fibrous connective tissue |
| Nathan also cut his arm, and requires 5 stitches, what membrane did they go through? | cutaneous |
| Splinter that wasn't bleeding - what layers did it go through? | epidermis only |
Created by:
aepnkbird
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