Question | Answer |
dia- | through, between, apart, complete |
-cele | hernia, tumor, swelling |
cyst/o | urinary bladder, cyst, sac of fluid |
-ectasis | stretching, dilation, enlargement |
glomerul/o | glomerulus- cluster of capillaries surrounded by membrane called Bowman's capsule |
lith/o | stone, calculus abnormal mineral deposit named for organ or tissue where located |
-lysis | breakdown, separation, setting free, destruction, loosening |
nephr/o | kidney |
-pexy | surgical fixation |
pyel/o | renal pelvis, bowl of kidney |
ren/o | kidney |
-tripsy | to crush |
ureter/o | ureter |
urethr/o | urethra |
-uria | urination, urine |
homeostasis | homeo-sameness, stasis-control |
urea | major waste product of protein metabolism |
structures of urinary system | 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder, 1 urethra |
2 layers that surround the renal pelvis | renal cortex- outer layer, contains nephronsmedulla- inner layer, contains urine collecting tubules |
nephrons | functional units of kidneys, forms urine by filtration, contains glomerulus |
urochrome | uro-urine, chrome- color pigment gives normal yellow, amber, straw color |
ureters | narrow tubes carries urine from kidney to urinary bladder |
vesic/o | urinary bladder- hollow muscular reservoir for urine |
urethra and urethral meatus | tube from bladder to urethral meatus-external opening of urethra |
micturition | urination or voiding |
nephrologist | specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders fo kidneys |
urologist | specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of urinary/ genitourinary systems |
renal failure | kidney failure- inability of kidneys to perform their functions, damaged/destroyed nephrons result in failure |
anuria | anuresis- complete suppression of urine formation |
uremia | uremic poisoning- excessive amount of urea and waste in bloodstream |
acute renal failure | ARF- sudden onset of uremia, may be caused by drop in blood volume or pressure due to injury or surgery |
chronic renal failure | CRF- progressive disease. dialysis or transplant required |
end-stage renal disease | ESRD- late stages of chronic renal failure |
nephrotic syndrome | NS- characteristics- edema, hyperproteinuria, hypoproteinemia, hyperlipidemia |
nephrosis | nephropathy- nephrotic syndrome- diseases of kidney |
diabetic nephropathy | damage to kidney's capillary blood vessels caused by long-term diabetes mellitus |
glomerulonephritis | inflammation on kidneys,urine is dark brown or black, often related to autoimmune problem |
hydronephrosis | dilation (enlargement) of renal pelvis, result of obstruction of urine flow |
nephrectasis | distention (enlargement) of kidney |
nephroptosis | floating kidney- downward displacement of kidney (ptosis- drooping or dropping down) |
nephropyosis | suppuration (formation of pus) of kidney |
pyelitis | inflammation of renal pelvis |
pyelonephritis | inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney |
renal colic | acute pain in kidney area caused by blockage during passage of kidney stone |
nephrolithiasis, cystolithiasis, ureterolithiasis | stones in kidney, stones in urinary bladder, stones in ureter |
hydroureter | distention of ureter with urine that cannot flow because of block |
ureterectasis | distention (enlargement)of ureter |
ureterorrhagia | discharge of blood from ureter |
ureterostenosis | stricture (abnormal narrowing) of ureter |
cystalgia, cystodynia | pain in urinary bladder |
interstitual cystitis | inflammation within wall of bladder, cronic conditon like cystitis |
cystocele | hernia of bladder through vaginal wall |
cystorrhagia | bleeding from bladder |
vesicovaginal fissure | abnormal opening between bladder and vagina |
epispadias | congential abnormality- urethral opening is located on dorsal surface of penis or in region of clitoris |
hypospadias | congenital abnormality- urethral opening on undersurface of penis or in the vagina |
paraspadias | congenital abnormality in males- urethral opening is on one side of penis |
diuresis | diur- increasing output of urine, esis- abnormal condition |
dysuria | difficult or painful urination |
enuresis | involuntary discharge of urine |
nocturia | excessive urination during the night |
oliguria, polyuria | olig- scanty, poly- many, excessive |
urinary retention | inability to void or empty the bladder |
urinary stress incontinence | inability to control voiding of urine under physical stress |
urge incontinence | urination occurs involuntarily as soon as urgent desire is felt, caused by movement not full bladder |
catheterization | insertion of sterile catheter through urethra into urinary bladder |
intravenous pyelogram | IVP- radiographic study of kidneys and ureters where iodine is injected into a vein to define these structures more clearly |
urinalysis | exam of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements |
dialysis | procedure to remove waste products from blood of pt whose kidneys no longer function |
hemodialysis | HD- filters waste products from blood, arterial blood flows through the filters of artifical kidney machine |
peritoneal dialysis | lining of peritoneal cavity acts as filter to remove waste from blood, dialysate solution(water and electrolytes) is run into cavity and fluid exchanged through catheter implanted in abdominal wall |
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis | CAPD- dialysate solution from plastic bag under pt clothing, solution drains back into bag every 6-8 hours then bag discarded for new one. |
continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis | CCPD- machine cycles dialysate fluid during night while pt sleeps |
nephrolysis | freeing of a kidney from adhesions |
adhesions | band of fibers that holds structures together abnormally |
lithotripsy | extracorporeal (situated or occurring outside the body) shock-wave lithotripsy, ESWL- destuction of kidney stone with use of ultrasonic waves through water |
nephrolithotomy | surgical removal of kidney stone through an incision |
cystopexy | surgical fixation of bladder to abdominal wall |
lithotomy | surgical incision for removal of stone |
meatotomy | incision of urinary meatus to enlarge the opening |
urethropexy | surgical fixation of urethra for correction of urinary stress incontinence |
urethrotomy | surgical incision into urethra for relief of stricture |