Question | Answer |
What does the endocrine system do? | Secrete hormones into body fluids in order to communicate with cells |
Type of gland that secretes products into ducts (out of body) | exocrine |
Type of gland that secretes products into body fluids to affect target cells (into body) | endocrine |
Tissues that hormones affect | target tissue |
Lipid-soluble and can pass through cell membranes. Their receptors are located in the target cell's nucleus. | Steroid Hormone |
Combine with receptors in target cell membranes | Nonsteroid Hormone |
Locally-produced lipids that affect the organ in which they are produced | Prostaglandins |
Controls secretions of the anterior pituitary | Release of tropic hormones from the hypothalamus |
Control hormonal secretions | negative feedback system |
Where is the pituitary gland located? | Base of the brain |
The pituitary gland is divided into two _____ | lobes |
Control the secretions of the anterior pituitary | Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus |
Carry secretions from the hypothalamus | hypophysal portal veins |
The posterior pituitary releases hormones in response to _________ ____________ from the hypothalamus | nerve impulses |
Stimulates body cells to grow and reproduce (released by anterior pituitary) | Growth Hormone |
Promotes milk production following the birth of an infant (released by anterior pituitary) | Prolactin |
Controls the secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland | Thyroid-stimulating hormone |
Controls the secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex | Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
Gonadotropins affecting the male and female gonads | Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone |
Which hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary? | antidiuretic and oxytocin |
Causes the kidneys to conserve water | antidiuretic hormone |
Plays a role in childbirth by contracting muscles in the uterine wall and in milk-letdown by forcing milk int ducts from the milk glands | Oxytocin |
Located below the larynx and consists of two broad lobes connected by an isthmus. | Thyroid Gland |
The thyroid gland consists of secretory parts called ________ filled with hormone-storing colloid | follicles |
Iodine containing hormones that regulate metabolism | t4 and t3 |
Extrafollicular cells of the thyroid secrete ________ which lowers blood levels of calcium and phosphate ions when they are too high | calcitonin |
How many parathyroid glands are they, and where are they found? | Four / on the posterior of the thyroid |
Consist of tightly packed secretory glands covered by a thin capsule of connective tissue | parathyroid gland |
Increases blood calcium ion concentration and decreases phosphate ion concentration | Parathyroid Hormone |
How does PTH regulate calcium levels? | Stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts and influences the kidneys to conserve calcium and causes increased absorption of calcium in the intestines |
Pyramid shaped glands enclosed in a layer of fat that sit on top of the kidneys | adrenal glands |
Made up of modified postganglionic neurons that are connected to the sympathetic nervous system | Adrenal medulla |
The hormones secreted are the same as ____________ of this system but are called hormones because they are secreted into the blood stream | neurotransmitters |
Released during times of stress and for "fight or flight" | Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine | increased heart rate, breathing rate, elevated blood pressure and slow digestion |
The ____________ ___________ makes up most of the adrenal glands and consists of epithelial cells | adrenal cortex |
The adrenal cortex produces over _____ different steroids | 30 |
Mineralocorticoid that causes the kidneys to conserve sodium ions and thus water, and to excrete potassium ions | Aldosterone |
A glucocorticoid that influences the metabolism of glucose, protein, and fat in response to conditions that stress the body | Cortisol |
Supplement hormones released by the gonads and may stimulate early development of reproductive organs | Adrenal sex hormones |
Elongated organ posterior to the stomach that secretes hormones as an endocrine gland, and digestive juices to the digestive tract as an exocrine gland | Pancreas |
Endocrine portion of the pancreas | islets of Langerhans |
cells in the islets of Langerhans that secrete glucagon | alpha cells |
cells in the islets of Langerhans that secrete insulin | beta cells |
Increases the blood levels of glucose by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen and the conversion of noncarbohydrates into glucose | Glucagon |
Decreases blood levels of glucose by stimulating the liver to form glycogen, increasing protein synthesis, and stimulating adipose cells to store fat. | Insulin |
Secretes melatonin and is located near the upper portion of the thalamus | pineal gland |
Regulates circadian rhythms of the body | melatonin |
Secretes thymosins and is located between the lungs under the sternum | Thymus gland |
Affects the production and differentiation of T lymphocytes that are important to immunity | Thymosins |
The ovaries produce... | estrogen and progesterone |
The placenta produces... | estrogen, progesterone, and a gonadotropin |
The testes produce.... | testosterone |
Reproductive glands include... | ovaries, testes, and placenta |
Secrete hormones associated with the processes of digestion | Digestive glands |
The heart secretes ____________ which affects sodium | atrial natriuretic peptide |
The kidney secretes __________ for blood cell production | erythropoietin |
Factors that serve as stressors to the body produce stress and threaten _________ | homeostasis |
Stress can be _________ or ______________ | physical or psychological |
Threatens the survival of tissues (such as extreme cold, prolonged exercise, or infections) | Physical stress |
Results from real or perceived dangers, and includes feelings of anger, depression, fear, and grief | Psychological stress |
The hypothalamus controls the ___________ ______________ __________ which involves increased sympathetic activity and increased secretion of cortisol, glucagon, growth hormone, and antideuretic hormone | general stress syndrome |