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Anatomy - Endocrine
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the endocrine system do? | Secrete hormones into body fluids in order to communicate with cells |
| Type of gland that secretes products into ducts (out of body) | exocrine |
| Type of gland that secretes products into body fluids to affect target cells (into body) | endocrine |
| Tissues that hormones affect | target tissue |
| Lipid-soluble and can pass through cell membranes. Their receptors are located in the target cell's nucleus. | Steroid Hormone |
| Combine with receptors in target cell membranes | Nonsteroid Hormone |
| Locally-produced lipids that affect the organ in which they are produced | Prostaglandins |
| Controls secretions of the anterior pituitary | Release of tropic hormones from the hypothalamus |
| Control hormonal secretions | negative feedback system |
| Where is the pituitary gland located? | Base of the brain |
| The pituitary gland is divided into two _____ | lobes |
| Control the secretions of the anterior pituitary | Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus |
| Carry secretions from the hypothalamus | hypophysal portal veins |
| The posterior pituitary releases hormones in response to _________ ____________ from the hypothalamus | nerve impulses |
| Stimulates body cells to grow and reproduce (released by anterior pituitary) | Growth Hormone |
| Promotes milk production following the birth of an infant (released by anterior pituitary) | Prolactin |
| Controls the secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland | Thyroid-stimulating hormone |
| Controls the secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex | Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
| Gonadotropins affecting the male and female gonads | Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone |
| Which hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary? | antidiuretic and oxytocin |
| Causes the kidneys to conserve water | antidiuretic hormone |
| Plays a role in childbirth by contracting muscles in the uterine wall and in milk-letdown by forcing milk int ducts from the milk glands | Oxytocin |
| Located below the larynx and consists of two broad lobes connected by an isthmus. | Thyroid Gland |
| The thyroid gland consists of secretory parts called ________ filled with hormone-storing colloid | follicles |
| Iodine containing hormones that regulate metabolism | t4 and t3 |
| Extrafollicular cells of the thyroid secrete ________ which lowers blood levels of calcium and phosphate ions when they are too high | calcitonin |
| How many parathyroid glands are they, and where are they found? | Four / on the posterior of the thyroid |
| Consist of tightly packed secretory glands covered by a thin capsule of connective tissue | parathyroid gland |
| Increases blood calcium ion concentration and decreases phosphate ion concentration | Parathyroid Hormone |
| How does PTH regulate calcium levels? | Stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts and influences the kidneys to conserve calcium and causes increased absorption of calcium in the intestines |
| Pyramid shaped glands enclosed in a layer of fat that sit on top of the kidneys | adrenal glands |
| Made up of modified postganglionic neurons that are connected to the sympathetic nervous system | Adrenal medulla |
| The hormones secreted are the same as ____________ of this system but are called hormones because they are secreted into the blood stream | neurotransmitters |
| Released during times of stress and for "fight or flight" | Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine | increased heart rate, breathing rate, elevated blood pressure and slow digestion |
| The ____________ ___________ makes up most of the adrenal glands and consists of epithelial cells | adrenal cortex |
| The adrenal cortex produces over _____ different steroids | 30 |
| Mineralocorticoid that causes the kidneys to conserve sodium ions and thus water, and to excrete potassium ions | Aldosterone |
| A glucocorticoid that influences the metabolism of glucose, protein, and fat in response to conditions that stress the body | Cortisol |
| Supplement hormones released by the gonads and may stimulate early development of reproductive organs | Adrenal sex hormones |
| Elongated organ posterior to the stomach that secretes hormones as an endocrine gland, and digestive juices to the digestive tract as an exocrine gland | Pancreas |
| Endocrine portion of the pancreas | islets of Langerhans |
| cells in the islets of Langerhans that secrete glucagon | alpha cells |
| cells in the islets of Langerhans that secrete insulin | beta cells |
| Increases the blood levels of glucose by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen and the conversion of noncarbohydrates into glucose | Glucagon |
| Decreases blood levels of glucose by stimulating the liver to form glycogen, increasing protein synthesis, and stimulating adipose cells to store fat. | Insulin |
| Secretes melatonin and is located near the upper portion of the thalamus | pineal gland |
| Regulates circadian rhythms of the body | melatonin |
| Secretes thymosins and is located between the lungs under the sternum | Thymus gland |
| Affects the production and differentiation of T lymphocytes that are important to immunity | Thymosins |
| The ovaries produce... | estrogen and progesterone |
| The placenta produces... | estrogen, progesterone, and a gonadotropin |
| The testes produce.... | testosterone |
| Reproductive glands include... | ovaries, testes, and placenta |
| Secrete hormones associated with the processes of digestion | Digestive glands |
| The heart secretes ____________ which affects sodium | atrial natriuretic peptide |
| The kidney secretes __________ for blood cell production | erythropoietin |
| Factors that serve as stressors to the body produce stress and threaten _________ | homeostasis |
| Stress can be _________ or ______________ | physical or psychological |
| Threatens the survival of tissues (such as extreme cold, prolonged exercise, or infections) | Physical stress |
| Results from real or perceived dangers, and includes feelings of anger, depression, fear, and grief | Psychological stress |
| The hypothalamus controls the ___________ ______________ __________ which involves increased sympathetic activity and increased secretion of cortisol, glucagon, growth hormone, and antideuretic hormone | general stress syndrome |
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DarkPeriwinkle
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