| Question | Answer |
| Albrecht and Leo X | heads of the indulgence problem; half of the prophets went to each |
| Charles V | HRE and head of Diet of Worms |
| Diet of Worms | Charles V told Luther to recant or else; he didn’t |
| Diet of Speyer | said the German princes could ignore/enforce the Diet of Worms as they pleased, giving German princes control over their religion |
| elector of Saxony and prince of Hesse | 2 most powerful German Protestant leaders |
| cantons | states in Switzerland (there are 13) |
| Zwingli | Zurich; liked Erasmus; critic of mercenary service; had affair but was elected as people’s priest; wanted end to clerical celibacy; whatever wasn’t in the Bible wasn’t necessary |
| Marburg Colloquy | Philip of Hesse tried to bring Zwingli and Luther together to resolve their differences, but it failed |
| Philip of Hesse | tried to unite Swiss and German Protestants |
| Kappel | 2 major battles occurred here; where Zwingli was executed |
| Anabaptists | Protestants who wanted adult Baptism only; drew support from all social classes; many were executed; took over Münster |
| Conrad Grebel | originator of Anabaptism |
| Schleitheim Confession of 1527 | autonomized Anabaptists and laid down their beliefs (pacifism, don’t swear oaths, literal separation) |
| Menno Simons | founder of Mennonites |
| Spiritualists | isolated; disdain for external religion; the Spirit of God in all of us is our religion |
| Antitrinitarians | common sense, rational, religion; didn’t believe in Trinity; Calvinists |
| predestination | God foreordained all souls to salvation or damnation; Calvinism |
| Calvinism | divine predestination and an individual’s responsibility to reorder society according to God’s plan |
| Calvin | “long stubborn heart” was “made teachable” by God; Geneva |
| William Farel | leader of Calvinist revolution in Geneva; convinced Calvin to stay |
| Bern | Geneva’s Protestant ally |
| Institutes of the Christian Religion | definitive theological statement for the Protestants; only for “mature Christians” |
| Strasbourg Model | adopted by Genevan Church; established 4 offices: (1) pastors, (2) teachers, (3) elders, (4) deacons |
| Diet of Augsburg | called by Charles V; assembly of Catholics and Protestants to try and solve differences; ended with a blunt order for the Lutherans to convert back to Catholicism |
| Schmalkaldic League | league formed by German Protestant lands against Catholics under the leadership of Philip of Hesse and Frederick of Saxony |
| Augsburg Confession | definitive statement of Lutheran belief made in 1530 |
| Schmalkaldic Articles | more strongly worded set of Lutheran principles |
| King Christian II | Denmarkian who introduced Protestantism to the land |
| Frederick I | Denmarkian under whom Lutheranism thrived; joined the Schmalkaldic League |
| Christian III | Denmarkian who made Lutheranism the official religion |
| King Gustavus Vasa | Swedish; wanted more land, so he embraced Lutheranism |
| Diet of Vesteras | issued by Gustavus Vasa, it confiscated church lands in Sweden and subjected the clergy to royal authority |
| Magdeburg | became a refuge for Protestants after Charles V tried to reconvert them all |
| Maurice of Saxony | chosen by Charles V, he realized everything would eventually switch to Lutheranism and switched sides himself |
| Peace of Passau | Charles reinstated Protestant leaders and guaranteed Lutherans religious freedom |
| Peace of Augsburg | made the divisions permanent; the ruler of the land would decide what religion to follow; did not extend freedom to Calvinists or Anabaptists |
| William Tyndale | translated Bible to English; he was a reformer |
| Cardinal Thomas Wolsey | Henry VIII’s advisor, he tried to get him an annulment but didn’t (Sir Thomas Moore |
| Cromwell (and Cranmer) | Henry VIII’s advisors with Lutheran sympathies |
| “Reformation Parliament” | placed royal reigns on the clergy and monarchs must consult the Parliament when making changes in religion |
| Convocation | legislative assembly representing the English clergy; recognized Henry as head of Church in England |
| Submission of the Clergy | placed canon law under royal discretion, meaning the clergy were under royal authority |
| Cranmer | became Archbishop of Canterbury and led the Convocation into invalidating Henry’s marriage |
| Act of Succession | Anne Boleyn’s children declared legitimate heirs to the throne |
| Act of Supremacy (#1) | Henry VIII declared head of the Church of England |
| Ten Articles of 1536 | made some concessions to Protestants, but maintained all Catholic doctrine (except divorce); Henry forbid the English clergy from marrying |
| Six Articles of 1539 | reaffirmed transubstantiation and denied the Eucharistic cup to the laity and provided for private masses |
| Edward VI | strong supporter of Protestantism; Henry’s Articles repealed |
| Edward Seymour and Earl of Warwick | Edward VI’s regents (He was too young to rule) |
| Act of Uniformity | imposed Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer |
| Second Act of Uniformity | revised Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer and 42 article confession of faith (sola fide, denied transubstantiation) |
| Mary I | restored Catholic doctrine and practices; married to Philip II; cost England Calais |
| Jesuits | new religious order that stressed religious and moral self-sacrifice and discipline |
| Lady Jane Grey | supposed to take the throne after Edward VI, but the English saw Mary as next in line |
| Elizabeth I | successor to Mary, she was a Protestant and liked the “middle way” of Anglicanism; didn’t want any religious extremes |
| Sir William Cecil | Elizabeth I’s advisor |
| Act of Supremacy (#2) | repealed anti-protestant legislation and declared Elizabeth head of spiritual and temporal matters |
| Act of Uniformity (#2) | revised the Second Book of Common Prayer |
| Puritans | Protestants working in the church to get rid of Catholic things; had 2 grievances: (1) get rid of Catholic vestments and ceremony in the Church and (2) wanted the episcopal system |
| Philip II | tried to avoid confrontation with Elizabeth |
| Pope Pius V | excommunicated Elizabeth for heresy |
| Treaty of Nonsuch | provided troops and cavalry to the Netherlands |
| Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots | French and Catholic; people wanted her on the throne; executed by Elizabeth |
| John Knox | Scottish reformer and founder of Presbyterianism |
| Lord Darnley | Mary’s husband |
| Babington Plot | plot against Elizabeth where Mary was clearly involved; led to her execution |
| Sir Francis Drake | head of the English forces against the Spanish in the Spanish Armada |
| James I | strong supporter of the divine right of kings, he wasn’t nearly as diplomatic as Elizabeth was |
| impositions | new source of income imposed by James I |
| Millenary petition | James’ response to the Puritan grievances saying Anglicanism was the religion |
| Council of Trent | council called by Emperor Charles V and Pope Paul III to try and curb the selling of church offices and other religious goods; required priests to be educated and celibate; reaffirmed all of the Catholic positions during the Reformation |
| Wet nursing | where a rich mother hires a nurse to suckle her infant |
| Miguel de Cervantes | wrote Don Quixote de la Mancha, a Spanish book satirizing the chivalric romances of Spain |
| Shakespeare | great playwright of England |
| presbyter | “elder”; people who directed the affairs of early Christian congregations |
| Counter | Reformation |
| baroque | art form that had dramatic orientation characterized by curved lines and a three dimensional display of energy; Catholic art form to show the grandiose Church |
| politiques | rulers or people in positions of power who put the success and well being of their empire first |
| Huguenots | French Protestants; mostly aristocrats |
| Edict of Fontainebleau | subjected the Huguenots to the Inquisition |
| Edict of Chateaubriant | Henry II subjected new measures against the Protestants (it wasn’t until Henry IV, Henry of Navarre, that the crown became friendly to Protestants) |
| Treaty of Cateau- Cambrésis | ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars in 1559; Europe actually had a moment of peace after this |
| Henry II | French king who was mortally wounded, shifting the power to Spain |
| Francis II | sickly boy who took over after Henry II |
| Bourbons | power was in South and West; Huguenot sympathies |
| Montmorency | Chatillons |
| Guises | power in the East; established power over Francis II and the most powerful family |
| Theodore Beza | converted the mother of the future King Henry IV; also pals with Calvin |
| Condé | prince of Condé converted to Protestantism and along with the prince of Coligny merged with the French Huguenots |
| Catherine de Medicis | regent for her son Charles IX; tried to reconcile the Protestants and Catholics; first concern was to protect the monarchy; wanted Catholic France but feared Guise control |
| Charles IX | king after the sickly Francis II |
| January Edict | allowed Protestants to worship publicly outside of towns |
| Vassy | massacre here at a congregation by the duke of Guise marks the beginning of the French wars of religion |
| First French war | duke of Guise was assassinated (April 1562 |
| Second French war | bloodiest of all the conflicts, Condé was killed and Huguenot leadership passed to Coligny; this ended up being good because Coligny was much better militarily (1567 |
| Peace of Saint | Germain |
| Coligny | Became Charles IX’s most trusted advisor |
| Louis of Nassau | leader of Protestant forces in the Netherlands; gained an ear into Coligny, thus the king |
| St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre | killing of thousands of French Huguenots; Catherine convinced Charles that the Huguenots were planning a coup and execution was necessary; it made the war no longer just between the Bourbons and the Guises |
| Pope Gregory XIII | along with Philip II, they celebrated the Massacre |
| John Knox | laid the groundwork for the Calvinist resistance |
| Henry III | last of Henry II’s sons, he found the country wedged between the Catholic league and Huguenots |
| Catholic League | alliance with Spain, France |
| Peace of Beaulieu | granted the Huguenots almost complete religious and civil freedom |
| Henry of Navarre | Henry IV, he led the Protestants; eventually forced to ally with Henry III; politique; “Paris is worth a mass” |
| Day of Barricades | Henry III attempted to route the Catholic League and failed |
| Edict of Nantes | proclaimed a formal religious settlement; recognized some religious rights of Huguenots; freedom of public worship, right of assembly, admission to public offices, and permission to maintain fortified towns |
| Treaty of Vervins | ended hostilities between France and Spain |
| Philip II | Spanish king; controlled the Habsburg lands; Castile gave him a strong home base; got money from the silver mines |
| Inflation | loss of the value of money |
| Don Carlos | son of Philip II, he died under suspicious circumstances |
| Don John of Austria | fought and beat the Moors in Granada |
| Holy League | Spain, Venice, Genoa, and the pope banded together against the Turks in the Mediterranean |
| Battle of Lepanto | Don John vs. Ali Pasha (Ottoman); the Mediterranean now belonged to Spain and it pushed back the Muslim advance |
| Cardinal Granvelle | hoped to check Protestant advances by reforming the Church; headed the council after Philip died; sought ecclesiastical reorganization until he was thrown out |
| Count of Egmont (and William of Orange) | led resistance against Spain and attempted to reimpose their traditional rule |
| William of Nassau | William of Orange, he sought the autonomy of the Netherlands over religious unity; he was very much a politique |
| Compromise | pledge drawn up saying they would resist the tenants of Trent and the Inquisition |
| Duke of Alba | dispatched to the Netherlands by Spanish; ended up executing tons of people |
| “tenth penny” | 10% tax used to pay for the suppression of the Netherlands’ own revolt |
| Sea Beggars | an international group of anti |
| Spanish Fury | Spanish came into the streets of Antwerp and murdered thousands |
| Pacification of Ghent | union of 10 Catholic provinces with 7 Protestant ones; declared regional sovereignty in matters of religion |
| Union of Brussels | final peace that included 4 provinces that were holding out in the Pacification of Ghent |
| Perpetual Edict | Signed by Don Juan, it signaled the departure of all Spanish forces in the Netherlands within 20 days |
| Union of Arras | union of the southern (Catholic) provinces of the Netherlands with Spain |
| Union of Utrecht | union of the northern (Protestant) provinces of the Netherlands |
| Alençon | Netherlands declared him their titular leader, not Philip II anymore; when he actually tried to take control, he was deposed of |
| Maurice | son of William of Orange; continued the fight of the Dutch |
| Peace of Westphalia | full recognition of the independence of the northern provinces of the Netherlands |
| Thirty- Nine Articles | made Protestantism the official religion in England |
| Presbyterians | Scottish Calvinists and English Protestants who advocated a church with a semiautonomous congregation governed by “presbyteries” |
| Congregationalists | put a group or assembly above any individual and prefer an ecclesiastical policy that allows each congregation to be self |
| 30 Years’ War | last and most destructive of the wars of religion |
| Bavaria | strongly Catholic area in which the Counter |
| Maximilian I | Bavarian who organized a Catholic league |
| Ferdinand | Habsburg, his ascent to the throne in Bohemia caused the first outbreak of war; Catholic and Jesuit |
| Letter of Majesty | broadened the rights of Bohemian Protestants by Rudolf II; revoked by Ferdinand |
| Defenestration of Prague | throwing of Ferdinand’s regents out the window |
| Frederick V | declared king by the other Bohemians as opposed to Ferdinand II |
| Maximilian of Bavaria and John George I of Saxony | allied with Ferdinand II but had other motives |
| Battle of White Mountain | Ferdinand II’s troops under Tilly routed Ferdinand V; quickly re |
| Christian IV | Denmark king who wanted to extend Danish influence over towns around the North Sea |
| Wallenstein | allied with Ferdinand II; brutal and good military strategist |
| Edict of Restitution | re asserted Catholic safeguards in the Peace of Augsburg; reaffirmed illegality of Calvinism; it happened because Wallenstein was defeating everyone so badly |
| Gustavus Adolphus I of Sweden | became the leader of Protestant forces and opened the new period of war; controlled by 2 groups: (1) Cardinal Richelieu and (2) the Dutch |
| Breitenfeld | victory by the Swedish that completely switched the course of the way that it is regarded as the most decisive engagement of the 30 Years War |
| Battle of Lützen | created a brief standstill; Gustavus Adolphus was killed |
| Peace of Prague | the German Protestant states reached a compromise with Ferdinand II; France and the Netherlands did not reach a compromise |
| Treaty of Westphalia | ended hostilities in HRE; written in French; rescinded the Edict of Restitution and reasserted the Peace of Augsburg (ruler of land determines religion); proclaimed independence of the Swiss Confederacy and the United Provinces of the Netherlands |
| Treaty of Pyrenees | French and Spanish treaty that humiliated the Spanish and asserted France’s power and Spain’s demise |
