Question | Answer |
Name
the
bodies
first
line
of
defense | Skin,
membranes,
&
secretions
(tears,
saliva,
etc.)
and
corneal
epithelium. |
What
is
the
difference
between
bacteriocidal
and
bacteriostatic? | Bacteriocidal
–
kills
organisms.
Bacteriostatic
–
inhibits
growth
or
multiplication
of
organism. |
What
is
a
broad
spectrum
antibiotic? | One
which
has
a
broad
spectrum
of
activity
for
both
gram
negative
and
positive
organisms |
What
method
do
we
utilize
to
classify
bacteria? | Gram
stain. |
Can
you
name
three
common
gram-‐positive
bacteria? | Staphylococcus
aureus
and
epidermidis,
Streptococci, |
Three
common
gram-‐negative
bacteria. | Pseudomonas,
Chlamydia,
Neisseria
(GC),
E
Coli |
How
do
bacteria
develop
resistance? | Through
mutation
(overuse
or
misuse
of
antibiotics) |
Which
two
classes
of
antibiotics
have
high
allergy
rates?
And
what
topical
antibiotic
has
a
high
allergy
rate? | Penicillins
and
Sulfonamides.
Topically,
neomycin. |
Can
you
name
two
systemic
tetracyclines
commonly
used
in
ophthalmology? | Minocycline
and
Doxycline,
Tetracycline, |
What
is
the
downside
of
tetracyclines? | Stomach
problems,
sun
sensitivity,
stain
teeth
&
retard
bone
growth
in
children,
cannot
take
with
dairy
products
or
use
during
pregnancy |
Which
macrolid
antibiotic
is
now
commonly
used
in
the
treatment
of
blepharitis
both
in
a
topical
and
systemic
form? | Azithromycin
very
popular
now.
Erythromycin
works
well,
also. |
What
safe
antibiotic
is
commonly
used
to
treat
childhood
conjunctivitis
and
is
effective
vs.
Haemophilus
bacteria
and
pseudomonas? | Trimethoprim. |
Which
class
of
antibiotics
is
now
commonly
used
for
surgery
and
treatment
of
severe
infections? | Fluoroquinolones |
Can
you
name
three
fluoroquinolones? | Moxifloxacin,
Gatifloxacin,
Besifloxacin
are
the
newest;,
Ciprofloxacin,
levofloxacin |
What
is
the
rationale
for
combining
two
or
more
antibiotics? | Gives
a
broader
range
of
spectrum
(especially
for
those
who
do
not
know
what
they
are
treating) |
What
is
the
disadvantage of combining two or more antibiotics? | Encourages
resistance,
and
possibility
of
increased
toxicity
or
allergies. |
Can
you
name
two
fortified
antibiotics? | Amakicin,
Vancomycin,
Cephalosporin’s |
When
are
fortified antibiotics
indicated? | When
all
other
drugs
fail
or
the
organisms
are
resistant
to
other
drugs |
Which
ophthalmic
agents
can
cause
kidney
or
liver
problems? | Penicillins,
vancomycin,
tetracycline |
What
do
you
know
about
viruses
and
their
effect? | Are
smallest
of
infectious
agents,
invade
human
cells
causing
cells
to
reproduce
the
virus,
most
are
self
limited,
can
become
dormant
or
latent
in
the
body
with
reoccurrences
are
common
in
immunocompromised
person
(Aids) |
Name
two
types
of
common
viruses. | Herpes
simples
and
herpes
zoster,
Adenoviruses |
How
many
antiviral
topical
and
oral
drugs
can
you
name? | Topical:
Gancyclovir,
Trifluridine;
Oral:
Famcyclovir,
Acyclovir,
Valaciclovir |
What
are
the
side
effects
of
topical
antivirals? | Epithelial
breakdown
with
prolonged
use
–
usually
over
three
weeks |
What
is
the
advantage
of
topical
gancyclovir? | Does
not
damage
human
cells,
only
the
virus.
Is
more
effective,
and
less
corneal
toxicity |
What
is
the
only
approved
topical
antifungal
ophthalmic
drug? | Natamycin |
Can
you
name
other
anti-‐fungal
drugs? | Amphotericin
B
and
Voriconazole |