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ankylosis | stiff joint condition |
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arthritis | inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation of motion; there are more than 100 different types of arthritis |
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osteoarthritis (OA) (Fig. 4-11) | most common form of arthritis, especially affecting the weight-bearing joints (e.g., knee or hip), characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage |
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degenerative joint disease (DJD) | 0 |
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rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (Fig. 4-12) | most crippling form of arthritis; characterized by chronic, systemic inflammation, most often affecting joints and synovial membranes (especially in the hands and feet) and causing ankylosis and deformity |
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gouty arthritis | acute attacks of arthritis, usually in a single joint (especially the great toe), caused by hyperuricemia (an excessive level of uric acid in the blood) |
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bony necrosis | bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply, such as can occur after a fracture (sequestrum = something laid aside) |
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bunion | swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa |
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bursitis | inflammation of a bursa |
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chondromalacia | softening of cartilage |
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epiphysitis | inflammation of the epiphyseal regions of the long bone |
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fracture (Fx) (Fig. 4-13) | broken or cracked bone |
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closed fracture | broken bone with no open wound |
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open fracture | compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound |
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simple fracture | nondisplaced fracture with one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair (e.g., hairline fracture, stress fracture, or a crack) |
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complex fracture | displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair |
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fracture line | the line of the break in a broken bone (e.g., oblique, spiral, or transverse) |
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comminuted fracture | broken in many small pieces |
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greenstick fracture | bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children |
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herniated disk | protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root (see Chapter 8, Fig. 8-8) |
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myeloma | bone marrow tumor |
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myositis | inflammation of muscle |
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myoma | muscle tumor |
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leiomyoma | smooth muscle tumor |
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leiomyosarcoma | malignant smooth muscle tumor |
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rhabdomyoma | skeletal muscle tumor |
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rhabdomyosarcoma | malignant skeletal muscle tumor |
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muscular dystrophy | a category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles; Duchenne type is most common |
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osteoma | bone tumor |
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osteosarcoma | type of malignant bone tumor |
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osteomalacia | disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency |
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rickets | osteomalacia in children; causes bone deformity |
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osteomyelitis | infection of bone and bone marrow, causing inflammation |
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osteoporosis (Fig. 4-14) | condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle and to fracture more easily (porosis = passage) |
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spinal curvatures (Fig. 4-15) | curvatures of the spine (backbone) or spinal column (vertebral column) |
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kyphosis | abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (humped-back condition) |
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lordosis | abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition) |
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scoliosis (Fig 4-16) | abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (S-shaped curve) |
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spondylolisthesis (Fig. 4-17) | forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra (listhesis = slipping) |
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spondylosis | stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae caused by joint degeneration |
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sprain | injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture |
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subluxation | partial dislocation (luxation = dislocation) |
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tendinitis or tendonitis | inflammation of a tendon |
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