Question | Answer |
Acute Tubular Necrosis is cause by what drug? | Gentamycin, Aminogylcosides |
Acute Nephritic Syndrome is assoc w/ what type of HTN? | Malignant HTN |
Azotemia is? | AUCTE RENAL FAILURE. Increase in both Blood Creatine and BUN but still INncrease BUN:Creat. Blood flow is bypassing the Nephron and nothing is filtering through therefore all blood levels go up and urine output drops ie Na Urine drops. |
Causes of Acute Renal Failure? | MC- Decr Volume d/t diuretics or Decr Flow d/t poor pump ie CHF. Obstruction |
Hyaline Clast are indicative of? | Kidney Damage |
MC cause of Nepthrotic Syndrome in Peds? | Minimal Change Disease. |
Minimal Change Dz urine findings? | Proteinuria, Maltesecrosses |
Tubular Renal Failure is caused by? | Caused by hypoperfusion to the kidney. MC Blood loss d/t Surgey, Shock, Trauma |
Large Muddy Brown Casts hallmark of? | Acute Tubular Necrosis (pos. d/t gentamycin) |
Acute Interstitial Nephritis is d/t ? | Drug Induced. MC Abx (bactrim, methicillin), NSAIDS |
Proximal, Descending, Ascending, Distal Tubules, Collecting Duct absorbs/effected by? | Ascending- Gluc Na, Cl. Descending reabsorbs H20 (water falls down) to follow solute. Ascending Na Cl (remaining solutes follow water). Distal effected by Aldosterone. Collecting duct affected by ADH |
earlist sign of chorinc kidney disease | Proteinuria |
ACE-I work how on the kideny | dilates efferent arteriole and decrease GFR. Therefor in renal artery stenosis GFR is droped twice as much with an ACE-I (too much) |
Gluc Level of what leads to glucosuria? | >180 |
Unilateral small kidney on u/s ->? | Renal artery stenosis- atrophy of one leads to hypertrophy of the other |
Thiazide effect on Ca and K | reabsorbs Ca and Excretes K |
How do you distinguish b/w Acute and Chronic Renal Failure? | In Chronic K rises as GFR Starts to decrease |
MC and 2nd MC cause of Chronic Renal Failure? | 1st Diabetes, 2nd HTN |
Glomerulonephritis classic u/a findings? | RBC Casts |
Pathognomonic for Nephrotic Syndrome (MCD)? | Fat Oval Bodies |
MC inherited disorder in humans? | Polycystic Kidney Disease |
Cystitis 1st and 2nd line Therapy? Pregnancy? | 1st-Bactrim. 2nd Cipro. Prego-Nitrofurantoin |
Renal Cell Cancer Shows what type of Anemia? | Normochromic/ Normocystic Anemia |
Age line and Pathogen diff in urethritis/ prostatitis/epidiymitis and tx? | <35 yo Chlamydia and Gonorrhoeae (ceft and doxy). >35 yo E. Coli and Pseudomonas (cipro) |
Orchitis is associated with what viral infection? | Mumps. MC unilateral orchitis presents |
At what size will kidney stones need surgical help? | 5mm or greater (flomax 4 women maybe approp) |
Risk Factor for Testicular Torsion? | Bell Clapper Deformity. inappropriately high attachment of the tunica vaginalis ->free rotation. 6hr window b4 salvage rate drops |
Hyrdoceles occur how? Associated with ? | defect in the tinica vaginalis of the scrotom leads to collection of serous fluid. (Transluminates) Assoc w/ Hernias |
Varicocele is assoc with what? | 40 % of infertile males |
First second and third line drug for pain in kidney stones? | 1 Toradol. 2 Morphine sulfate. 3 Demerol |
HTN and Generalized Weakness what condition should you consider? | Renal Artery Stenosis on an ACE-I |
MC cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults? | DM |
What blood findings are elev in dehydration and what are low? | K is high, Creatine is High, GFR is low |
Urea Nitrogen (BUN) nml values? | BUN: 7 - 18 mg/dL; |
BUN/Creatinine Ratio nml values? | BUN:Creatine 5 - 35 |
Creatine nml values? | 0.6 - 1.2 mg/dL |
GFR nml values? | 120±25 mls/min |
K diff in acute and chronic renal failure? | acute-Incr K, chronic-Decr K |
Acute Tubular Necrosis is d/t what drug? | Gentamycin, Aminoglycosides |
prostatic massage is contraindicated in? | acute bacterial prostatitis -> septecemia |
Small echogenic kidneys bilaterally? | Chronic kidney failure. <10cm |
Hyrdonephrosis MC pathology? | Stones blocking collecting ducts |
What type of anemia is assoc c/ CHRONIC renal dz? | Anemia of CHRONIC dz |
Chronic Renal Dz presents with what Ca and Phos Levels and acidosis or alkalosis? | hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and metabolic acidosis. |
smoking and presents with painless hematuria? | Bladder Ca |
When and how does IgA Nephropathy typically occur? | After an upper respiratory tract infection and presents with hematuria and proteinuria. |
Restricted diet of what will decr incidence of Kidney Stones? | Sodium and Protein. Advise in pt w/ recurrent stones |
Incr consumption of what will decrease Renal Stones? | Fluids, Bran |
Coffen Lids on U/A and Staghorn calculus on KUB, Proteus patho in UTI? | Struvite Stone |
Intervention for Struvite Stones? | Percutaneous Nephyrolithotomy |
Laser Lithotripsy is indicated when? | Stones 5mm-3cm |
What dietary changes need to occur with Uric Acid Stones? | Low Purine Diet (drop meats) |
In Persistent Nocturia what drug will alleviates symptoms but is not currative? | Desmopressin (DDAVP, ADH) |
Should Asymptomatic bacteriuria be treated in pregnancy ? | Yes. Nitrofurantoin. To prevent development of complications, such as premature labor, fetal morbidity, and premature mortality. |
In Terminal hematuria, blood at the end of the urinary stream where anatomically is the source of the blood? | bladder neck or prostatic urethral source. |
Presence of blood at the beginning of the urinary stream suggests what location of bleed? | an anterior (penile)urethral source. |
Total hematuria, blood throughout the urinary stream, suggests what location of bleed? | a bladder or upper urinary tract source. |
squamous epithelial cells on u/a indicates what? | contaminated specimen |
solid renal mass, hematuria, flank pain. what is your dx? | Renal Ca. Radical Nephrectomy w/o radio or chemo if no sign of metastasis |
When is Radiation therapy indicated in Renal Ca? | Never. It is not effective in the treatment of renal cell cancer and may lead to damage of the surrounding vital organs. |
What is the pathology behind urge incontinence and in who is it seen the most? | Detrusor overactivity. Elderly |
s/sx of urge incont and tx? | urge to urinate but leakage before making it to bathroom. Oxybutynin |
What is the pathology behind stress incont? s/sx? tx? | Relaxed pelvic muscles. leakage upon coughing/sneezing ect. Kegel exercises. Estrogen cream is used when evidence of atrophic vag or urethra is assoc. |
What should be given when a potassium level of 6.5-7 in the blood is reached? | IV Calcium gluconate. This stimulates K to enter the cells and be excreted out. Ca chases K out of the system. K also follow insulin and glucose. |
What is given to correct HyperCalcemia? | Bisphosphonates ie Zometa, Zolendrenic Acid. |
Ischemia ->Acute tubular necrosis and Drug Rxn are causes of pre, intrinsic, or post renal azotemia? | Intrinsic |
Postrenal azotemia mc cause? | obstruction |
PreRenal azotemia mc cause? | hypotension |
+ Phren's Sign ? | Epididimitis. |
In pyelonephritis when can you switch from IV abx to PO abx? | 24 hrs after becoming afebrile |
cola-colored urine, oliguria, and edema of the face and eyes in the morning. | Glomerulonephritis. can occur 1-3 wks post strep infection |