Term | Definition |
arteri- | artery |
arth-, arthr- | joint |
brachi- | arm |
cardi- | heart |
carpus | wrist |
cauda- | tail |
cephalo-, crani | head |
cerebro-, encephalo- | brain |
cervic | neck |
chond- | cartilage |
corpus | body |
cortex | shell, outside layer |
cost- | rib |
erythro- | red |
hemo- | blood |
leuko- | white |
myel- | bone marrow |
myo- | muscle |
nas-, rhin- | nose |
neur- | nerve |
optic-, opt- | eye |
oss-, osteo- | bone |
ot-, auri- | ear |
ped, pod | foot |
pharyngo-, fauci-, laryngo- | throat |
pleur- | chest lining |
pneum-, pulm- | lungs |
tarsus | ankle |
thora- | chest |
trache- | windpipe |
vaso- | vessel |
infra- | below |
inter- | between |
mega-, megalo- | large |
semi- | half |
supra- | above |
syn- | union |
-clast | to break |
-emia | blood |
-lemma | sheath or husk |
-plasty | plastic surgery |
dorsal | backside |
ventral | front, stomach |
anterior, cranial, superior | towards the head |
posterior, caudal, inferior | towards the tail |
medial | toward the middle or body midline |
lateral | away from the body midline, toward the side |
proximal | near, close to point under consideration |
distal | far or away, farther from the point under consideration |
Frontal (coronal) plane | divides animal into dorsal and ventral portions |
Transverse plane | divides animal into cranial and caudal portions |
Median (midsagittal) plane | separate and animal into left and right halves |
Sagittal planes | any plane parallel to the midsagittal (median) plane, divides animal into left and right portions |
secrete | produces AND exports the substance out of the tissue or organ |
excrete | substance is made elsewhere but organ or tissue only exports |
Parotid salivary glands | below the ears |
Submaxillary (submandibular) salivary glands | base of jaw on medial edge |
Sublingual salivary glands | on either side, below the tongue |
Saliva contains? | Mucin, bicarbonate, water, and--in some species--salivary amylase |
Mucin | slippery glycoprotein that functions in lubrication |
Bicarbonate | ionic salt that functions to keep the mouth pH near neutrality |
Salivary amylase | enzyme that breaks down starch to maltose. Initiates starch digestion |
Buccal cavity | empty space in the mouth |
Hard palate | roof of mouth with underlying bone |
Soft palate | softer tissue posterior to the hard palate |
Pharynx | open space behind the buccal cavity. Joint passageway for both food and air. |
Larynx | between pharynx and trachea. Contains vocal cords and functions in vocalization. |
Epiglottis | blocks larynx during swallowing to prevent food/drink from entering the larynx, and lungs. |
Trachea | transports air from the larynx to the bronchi. Cartilage rings |
Esophagus | carries ingested food from the pharynx to the stomach |
Pleura | membrane lining the walls of the thoracic cavity and surrounding the lungs. Cushions and provides lubrication to the lungs. |
Pericardium | membrane surrounding the heart, forms a fluid filled sac that contains the heart. Functions to contain the heart within the chest cavity and prevent heart from over-expanding. |
Diaphragm | Skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction increases size of the thoracic cavity. |
Peritoneum | membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and surrounds vital organs. Supports vital organs. |
Liver | major metabolic processing unit that maintains levels of nutrients in the blood. Secretes bile. |
Gall bladder | stores and excretes bile. |
Stomach | produces hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen to begin digestion of proteins. |
Greater omentum | lacey in appearance. Produces leukocytes. |
Spleen | Two functions: produces lymphocytes and removes old and damaged erythrocytes |
Pancreas | in duodenal loop of small intestine. Endocrine functions (secretes hormones glucagon and insulin) and exocrine functions (secretes digestive enzymes, such as trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen). |
Small intestine | digestion of foodstuffs and absorption of digestive products |
Duodenum | first part of the small intestine. Receives chyme from the stomach. Produces bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme. Receives bile from gall bladder and enzymes secreted by the pancreas. |
Jejunum | middle portion of the small intestine and usually the longest. Digestion of protein and carbohydrate is fairly complete here. Absorption of monosaccharides, amino acids, calcium, and iron (MACI). |
Ileum | absorption of water, electrolytes, bile salts and vitamin B12 (WEBB). Connects to the large intestine. |
Ileocecal valve | regulates flow of material from ileum to large intestine |
Mesentery | folds of peritoneum that connect and anchor the small intestine |
Hepatic portal system | network of blood vessels that collect blood from the stomach, small and large intestine, and delivers it directly to the liver. Blood will be high in absorbed nutrients. |
Cecum | blind sac. Microbial fermentation of residual starch and some cellulose. Absorption of fermentation products and water. |
Colon | longest part of large intestine. Microbial fermentation and absorption. |
Rectum | last part of large intestine. Formation of characteristic shape of droppings. |
Anus | external opening of digestive tract |
Kidneys | removal of waste products from blood and regulation of blood volume and body pH |
Urinary bladder | stores urine |
Exoskeleton | hard, outer skeleton that is outside of the body |
Endoskeleton | skeleton embedded in the muscle |
Axial skeleton | consists of skull, costae (ribs), vertebrae, and sternum |
Appendicular skeleton | consists of bones of appendages/limbs |
Heterotrophic bones | bones embedded in the organs |
Os rostrale | bone in snout of pig |
Ossa cordis | bones in heart of cattle, sheep, and goats |
Os phrenic | bone in the diaphragm of camels |
Ossa penis | bones in the penis of carnivores and rodents |
Scleral rings | round bones found in the eyes of birds |
Hyoid apparatus | bone in tongue of avians and mammals |
Origin | end of muscle is attached to a stationary part of bone |
Insertion | end of muscle that is attached to a mobile section of bone |
Tendons | attach muscles to bone |
Ligaments | attach bone to bone |
Epiphysis | two ends of long bone |
Diaphysis | shaft of long bone |
Epiphyseal-Diaphyseal plate | growth region between epiphysis and diaphysis |
Endosteum | membrane lining medullary cavity |
Periosteum | membrane covering the outer surface of bone compromised of connective tissue |
Medullary cavity | hollow area in center of bone where marrow is located. Bone marrow produces blood cells. |
Diploe | spongy bone |
Coracoid | bone behind clavicle in birds |
Pygostyle | tailbone of birds |
Myoepithelial cells | contractile cells that surround alveolus |
Medial suspensory ligament | primary support for the udder. Runs down the middle of the udder. |
Lateral suspensory ligament | on sides of udder to provide additional support. |
Pudic artery | main blood supply to udder |
Subcutaneous abdominal veins and pudic veins | main blood return pathways to the heart from the udder |
Peristalsis | progressive alternating wave of coordinated contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle (result: movement) |
Segmentation | stationary rhythmic contraction and relaxation of circular intestinal smooth muscle (result: mixing) |
Biceps femoris | on lateral part of hind leg |
Cutaneous trunci | under skin, horizontal striations, usually comes off with skin |
Gastrocnemius | middle of hind leg, contracts with movement |
Gluteus group | anterior to tail |
Gracilis | medial part of hind leg, thin sheet |
Infraspinatus | below scapula ridge |
Latissimus dorsi | caudal of shoulder |
Longissimus | along exterior of spine |
Obliquus externus abdominis | lateral of rectus abdominis, striations run diagonally |
Pectorales profundi | wraps around medial part of front legs |
Quadriceps femoris | near stifle on cranial part of hind leg |
Rectus abdominis | stomach region, your "abs" |
Semimembranosus | inner leg, lateral to Gracilis |
Semitendinosus | caudal part of hind leg, below tail |
Serratus ventralis | medial, beneath Latissimus dorsi |
Supraspinatus | in front of the scapula ridge |
Trapezius | dorsal of shoulder and looks like a large dark triangle |
Triceps group | caudal part of front leg |
Subscapularis | back of scapula |
Psoas major | ventral to vertebrae and begins caudal to last rib, inside of body |