Question | Answer |
The main function of the hippocampal formation is ? | * the consolidation of long-term memories from intermediate and short-term memories |
How the Hippocampal Formation has input and output connections with the association cortex ? | * through the entorhinal cortex |
The hippocampal formation is composed of ? | * the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus, and the subiculum |
The major input to the hippocampal formation is from the entorhinal cortex via a diffuse projection called ? | *the perforant pathway |
The entorhinal cortex also projects to the hippocampus and the subiculum through ? | *the alvear pathway |
The major efferent (output) connection of the hippocampal formation is ? | * the fornix |
The two things that communicate to the Fornix ? | * The medial diencephalic memory systems communicate with the medial temporal memory systems (hippocampal formation) |
Involves the conscious recollection of facts or experiences ? | *Declarative Memory- Explicit Memory....loss is amnesia |
Involves the non-conscious learning of skills, habits, and other acquired behaviors? | *Non-declarative Memory-Implicit Memory |
Selective loss of declarative memory is typical of ? | *bilateral temporal lobe or bilateral medial diencephalic lesions....unilateral lesions do not usu cause major deficits |
Memory that Operates on a time scale less than 1 or 2 minutes ? | *Working Memory --- Depends on an intact dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex and unimodal and heteromodal specific association cortices |
Memory that Operates on a time scale less than 5 minutes to years ? | *Recent or consolidated memory --- Depends on an intact medial temporal and medial diencephalic structures which mediate a process by which declarative memories are consolidated in the neocortex |
Memory that Operates on a time scale of years ? | *Remote memory --- Remote declarative memories are recalled through the activity of specific regions of the neocortex without requiring medial temporal or diencephalic involvement |
Diseases that affect memory ? | *Alzheimer’s and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome |
The amygdaloid complex is a group of nuclei located in ? | *the anteriomedial temporal lobe |
The amygdala represents an interconnection between ? | *the association cortex and subcortical structures, in particular the hypothalamus. It also has direct connects with olfactory structures. |
Increased activity in the amygdala is associated with ? | *aversion, fear, anxiety, phobias and rage.....does play a role in the association of memory with emotional states |
Three nuclear groups of the Amygdaloid Complex ? | *basolateral nucleus, corticomedial nucleus - are involved in olfaction , central nucleus - autonomic control |
Amygdaloid Complex Afferent Connections ? | *receives and transmits information from heteromodal association cortex and limbic cortex through two pathways |
Amygdaloid Complex Efferent Connections ? | *The Stria Terminalis (the fornix of the amygdala)- connecting the amygdala with the hypothalamus and septal areas
...... *The Ventral Amygdalofugal Pathway - connecting the amygdala to forebrain and brain stem structures |
bilateral lesions of the amygdala ? | * Kluver-Bucy Syndrome - Decreased aggression and Unable to retrieve or learn associations between stimuli (cant recognize an enemy to flee, etc.) |
Urbach-Wiethe Disease ? | * a decrease in amigdala activity that causes a something that should cause fear, to not |
PTSD ? | *an increase in amigdala activity that causes extreme fear at inappropriate times |
Main function of the hippocampus ? | *taking short term declarative memories to long term |