Question | Answer |
hyoid bone | located above larnyx in throar; serves as point of attachment for many tongue and neck muscles; horseshoe shapes with 2 horns or cornua. does not articulate with any other bone |
sinus (mucous-lined air cavities) | contained in maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid and frontal; maxillary is largest in skull |
paranasal sinuses | serve as resonance chambers for speech and lighten facial bones |
sinusitis | inflammation of sinuses |
vertebral column | extending from skull to pelvis forming body's major axial support; protects delicate spinal cord while allowing spinal nerves to isssue from cord via openings between adjacent vertebrae. |
vertebrar | 24 single bones and 2 fused bones (sacrum and coccyx) (flexibility, curved structure) make up vertebral column |
cervicAl vertebrae | 7 bones of neck that are part of VC |
thoracic vertebrae | 12 bones |
lumbar vertebrae | 5 bones supporting lower back |
intervertebral discs | pads of fibrocartilage that seperate vertebrae that cushion the vertebrae and absorb shocks |
nucleus pulposus | region of ID; a central gelatinous that behaves like fluid |
annulus fibrous | part of ID; outer ring of encircling collagen fibersthat stabilize the disc and contains pulposus |
ruptured disc | degenerative changes weaking of ligaments and tendons of vertebral column (older people suffer from it) |
primary curvatures | thoracic and sacral curvatures of spine present and well developed at birth |
secondary curvatures | later developments; ex. cervical curvature becomes prominent when baby hold head up independently, lumbar curvature when baby walks |
centrum (body) | rounded central portion of vertebra which faces anteriorly in human vertebral columbn |
vertebral arch | composed of pedicle, laminae and a spinous process, it represent the junction of all posterior extensions from vertebral column |
vertebral (spinal) foramen | opening enclosed by body and vertebral arch; a conduit for spinal cord |
transverse process | two lateral projections from vertebral arch |
spinous process | single medial and posterior projection from vertebral arch |
superior and inferior articular process | paired projections lateral to vertebral foramen that enable articulation with adjacent vertebrae; superior faces posteriorly and inferior faces anteriorly |
intervertebral foramina | right and left pedicles have notches on inferior and superior surfaces that create openings, "IE, for spinal nerves to leave spinal cord between adjacent vertebrae |
sacrum | composite bone formed from fusion of 5 vertebrae |
median sacral crest | remnant of spinous processes of fused vertebra |
alae | formed by fusion of tranverse processes |
sacral foramina | allow blood vessles and nerves to pass |
sacral hiatus | enlarged opening |
coccyx | formed from fusion of 3-5 small irregularly shaped vertebrae; tailbone attached to sacrum by ligaments |
thoracic cage | forms cone shaped elcosure around organs of thoracic cavity (heart lungs) for protection |
sternum (Breastbone) | typical flat bone as a result of fusion of three bones (manubrium, body, xiphoid process); attached to first 7 pair of ribs |
manubrium | looks like knot of tie that articulates with clavicle (collarbone) laterally |
body (gladiolus) | forms bulk of sternum |
xiphoid process | constructs inferior end of sternum and lies at level of 5th intercostal space |
jugular notch | concave upper border of manubrium |
sternal angle | result of manubrium and body meeting at a slight angle to each other so that transverse ridge is formed at level of second ribs |
xiphisternal joint | point where sternal body xiphoid process fuse |
ribs | 12 pairs that form walls of thoracic cage |