Question | Answer |
What 5 states came to dominate european politics | Great Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, Russia |
What 7 european powers were on the decline | Spain, portugal, netherlands, poland, sweden, ottoman empire |
how did the united provinces of netherlands become a nation | after successfully revolting against spain in 1572 |
what happened in 1672 | french armies of Louis XIV invaded netherlands |
who is prince william III of orange | stadtholder (hereditary chief) of the most important province Holland |
How did the Netherlands differ from the rest of europe | other nations had monarchies, netherlands was a republic where states had power |
Describe the netherlands religious policies | very tolerant, composed of many different religions |
What 4 factors was Dutch economic achievement built upon? | Urban life, Farming Trade (fishing, textiles, shipping), Overseas Empire (gained control through spice trade in Asia) |
What was the dutch east india company | monopolized spice trade in East Asia |
What is a stadtholder | hereditary ruler of a dutch province |
why did netherlands decline? | lost central authority and became disunited |
2 models of government in england; france | parliamentary monarchy; absolutism |
why did these models of government arise? | cost of warfare was high and only these types of governments succeeded in raising enough money |
who was James I? describe political policies and religious policies | ruled after elizabeth, from scotland, wanted anglicanisms so faces problems with puritans and was anti-parliament |
what was Charlies I view on parliament? what did he want for religion | anti, religious conformity |
who did charles I engage in war with? did he win | Scotland; was defeated |
what was the petition of right | parliament has to approve taxes, no unfair imprisonment, no quartering of troops in private homes |
why did the english civil war start | parliament wouldnt give funds to charles's war in scotland, so he built his own army and parliament built their own army |
2 factors that allowed parliament to win the civil war | alliance with scotland + leadership of oliver cromwell |
what did englands gov become under oliver cromwell | strict puritan republic |
what happened int charles II's Restoration in england | restored monarch authority over parliament, anglicanism |
what was the treaty of dover | england and france ally against dutch and charles secretly said he would become catholic (to please french) |
WHAT were the parliament/ religious policies of james II? | anti parliament, catholic |
what was the glorious revolution | william of orange came to england and took over without a fight, james II fled |
what was the result of the glorius revolution | protestants had more rights, power taken away from monarchy and given to people in bill of rights |
what happened to england under walpole? | flourished economically, religious toleration, nobles were happy, parliament had balanced power, no large standing army |
who were louis XIV's chief ministers | cardinal riechelieu and mazarin |
what did the fronde teach louis XIV? | he needed to not have heavy handed policies but control by working with nobles |
what were parlaments | judicial bodies that king consulted with to show he supported nobles |
what image did louis's palace at versailles give him | strong, wealthy, absolute |
who was bossuet? | louis's tutor who defended divine right of kings |
what was jansenism? | anti jesuit, anti monarch, st augustines teaching that original sin condemned human kind, only grace of god could help |
what was the revocation of the edict of nantes | louis took away protestant rights to unify france relgiously, didnt work bc protestants just left france |
what were louis's early wars goals? | stop habsburgs and secure international borders |
what was the war of devolution? | against spanish netherlands, got land in treaty of nijmwegen |
what was the league of augsburg | alliance of england, spain, sweden, netherlands against france in 9 years war |
what was the war of spanish succession | war over lands of habsburg empire where france fought everyone else and lost bc poor finance/weapons |
What did the treaty of utrecht do? | france made peace with england and netherlands, got to keep philip V as kind of spain, england got mediterranean power, |
what was the mississipi bubble | john law (financial advisor to king) had bad policies which led to inflation and missiissip bubble burst and french economy went down |
who basically ruled after louis XIV died | Duke of orleans, the regent |
what did duke of orleans do with parlements | renewed their authority |
who was who in eastern europe dynasties | Habsburgs-austria, Hohenzollerns-prussia, romanov-russia |
what did poland fail to do? | establish central government |
what did habsburgs do well | establish territories all over europe + cooperating with nobles |
what problem did habsburgs have? | couldnt unify because so many different cultures |
what did charles VI pragmatic sanction do | established single line of inheritance for his daughter to rule the habsburg empire (bc was scared others would take power) |
who was the great elector | frederick william who united prussian gov, gave it an army |
who were the junkers | german noble landlords who obeyed hohenzollerns in exchange for power over serfs |
what were the russian boyars | nobility who controlled gov before peter the great, peter tried to westernize them |
what did peter's youth teach him | boyars/streltsy must be controlled and russian military power must increase |
what was the great northern war | russian war against sweden to gain control in baltic, won |
what was st petersburg | peter's version of versailles; showed his power + westernization |
what were the colleges that peter made | instititutions that made laws all under his approval |
what was the table of ranks | equated boyars social rank with gov rank to make them serve the gov |
what were millets | units that ottoman sultans ruled through |
what were jannisaries? | unit of elite chirstian boy troops raised as muslims |
what were the ulama | islamic scholars who had political authority, very traditional |
what 2 battles did the ottomans lose | battle of lepanto and siege of vienna |
why did the ottoman empire decline? | lots of disunity and rivalry in gov, lost battles, became less advanced than other european nations due to isolation |
what did charles II declaration of indulgences do | suspended all laws against catholics and protestants |