Question | Answer |
firmly imbedded in, or attached to lipid bilayer | Integral proteins |
Short chains of carbohydrates attach to (blank) | Integral proteins |
Short chains of carbohydrates form the (blank) | The Glycocalyx |
attach to membrane surface and support cell membrane from the cytoplasmic side | Peripheral proteins |
tendency of molecules to move down their concentration gradient | Simple Diffusion |
diffusion of water molecules across a membrane | Osmosis |
movement of molecules down their concentration gradient through an integral protein | Facilitated Diffusion |
integral proteins move molecules across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient | Active Transport |
Mechanism by which particles enter cells | Endocytosis |
“cell eating” | Phagocytosis |
“cell drinking” | Pinocytosis |
Plasma proteins bind to certain molecules
Invaginates and forms a coated pit
Pinches off to become a coated vesicle
NOTE: This is the method by which insulin and cholesterol enter cells! | Receptor-mediated Endocytosis |
a mechanism that moves substances out of the cell
Proteins from the vesicles (v-SNAREs) bind with membrane proteins (t-SNAREs)
The lipid layers from both membranes bind, and the vesicle releases its contents to the outside of the cell | Exocytosis |
lies internal to cell membrane
Consists of cytosol, organelles, and inclusions | Cytoplasm |
Jelly-like fluid in which other cellular elements are suspended
Consists of water, ions, and enzymes | Cytosol |
composed of proteins and ribosomal RNA; not surrounded by a membrane | Ribosomes |
Site of protein synthesis
Assembly of proteins is called translation
They are the “assembly line” of the manufacturing plant | Ribosomes |
“network within the cytoplasm” | Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
Part of ER where no ribosomes are attached; therefore no protein synthesis | Smooth ER |
a stack of three to 10 disk-shaped envelopes, Sorts products of rough ER and sends them to proper destination | Golgi apparatus |
“packaging and shipping” | Golgi apparatus |
Products of rough ER move through the Golgi from the (blank) to the (blank) side | from the convex (cis) to the concave (trans) side |
membrane-walled sacs of oxidase enzymes
Enzymes neutralize free radicals and break down poisons
Break down long chains of fatty acids
Are numerous in the liver and kidneys
Are the toxic waste removal system | Peroxisomes |
an elaborate network of rods | Cytoskeleton |
three types of rods | Microtubules— cylindrical structures made of proteins
Microfilaments— filaments of contractile protein actin
Intermediate filaments— protein fibers |
Look at Slide 30, 31, and 32 of CHAP-2 Powerpoint to see what the three types of rods look like | Look at Slide 30, 31, and 32 of CHAP-2 Powerpoint to see what the three types of rods look like |
a spherical structure in the cytoplasm | Centrosome (Composed of centrosome matrix and centrioles
) |
paired cylindrical bodies
Consists of 27 short microtubules
Act in forming cilia
Necessary for karyokinesis (nuclear division) | Centrioles |
Temporary structures | Structures not present in all cell types |
Lipid droplets | Structure found in liver cell and fat cells |
Glycosomes | Structure that stores sugar in the form of glycogen |
Nucleus approximate diameter | 5µm |
two parallel membranes separated by fluid-filled space | Nuclear envelope |
Nuclear pores | -penetrate the nuclear envelope
-allow large molecules to pass in and out of the nucleus |
DNA plus the proteins form | Chromatin |
Each cluster of DNA and histone proteins is a: | nucleosome |
active region of DNA where DNA’s genetic code is copied onto mRNA (transcription) | Extended chromatin |
Tightly coiled nucleosomes
Inactive form of chromatin | Condensed chromatin |
highest level of organization of chromatin
Contains a long molecule of DNA | Chromosomes |
How many chromosomes does a human cell have? | 46 |
The first part of interphase
Cell metabolically active—growth—make proteins
Variable in length from hours to YEARS (egg cell)
Centrioles begin to replicate | Growth 1 phase (G1) |
DNA replicates itself
Ensures that daughter cells receive identical copies of the genetic material (chromatin extended) | Synthesis phase (S) |
During S (synthetic) and G2 phases, cell carries on normal activities | During S (synthetic) and G2 phases, cell carries on normal activities |
cells divide during this stage
Follows interphase (G1, S, and G2) | M (mitotic) phase |
Cell division involves: | Mitosis—division of the nucleus during cell division
Chromosomes are distributed to the two daughter nuclei
Cytokinesis— division of the cytoplasm
Occurs after the nucleus divides |
What are the stages of Mitosis? | PMATI |
the first and longest stage of mitosis
chromatin threads condense into chromosomes
Centriole pairs separate from one another
The mitotic spindle forms | Prophase
(Look at Slide 52 in PP CHAP-2 to compare Early Prophase vs. Late Prophase) |
| |
the second stage of mitosis
Chromosomes cluster at the middle of the cell
Centromeres are aligned along the equator
Look at Slide 54 in PP CHAP-2 to see what Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase look like) | Metaphase
(Look at Slide 54 in PP CHAP-2 to see what Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase look like) |
the third and shortest stage of mitosis
Centromeres of chromosomes split | Anaphase
(Look at Slide 54 in PP CHAP-2 to see what Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase look like) |
begins as chromosomal movement stops
Chromosomes at opposite poles of the cell uncoil
Resume threadlike extended-chromatin form
A new nuclear membrane forms | Telophase |
completes the division of the cell into two daughter cells | Cytokinesis |
Cells that connect body parts, form linings, or transport gases | Erythrocytes, Fibroblasts, Epithelial cells |
Cells that move organs and body parts | Skeletal Muscle Cells, Smooth Muscle Cells |
Cell that stores nutrients | Fat Cell |
Cell that fights disease | Macrophage |
Cell that gathers information and controls body functions | Nerve Cell |
Cell of reproduction | Sperm |