Question | Answer |
When did the Black Death occur? What percentage of europes population died? | 1348-1350. 40% |
In the 14th century what fraction of population worked the land? | 9/10 |
What happened as agriculture increased? | more food --> overpopulation --> famine |
where did the virus come from? | rats on ships brought it from asia to europe |
Who was Giovanni Boccaccio? | author who wrote "decameron" about the black death |
What were flagellants? | people who beat themselves for penance during black death |
What group did some people blame for the black death | Jews |
What were 3 economic/social consequences of the plague? | Farms declined bc smaller population, skilled artisans/ cities rose, lords lost power |
what did the statute of laborers do? what did it cause? | limited wages to pre-plague levels --> english peasants revolt |
What did the taille do? | taxed french peasants --> Jacquiere uprising |
Who gained political power from the plague? | Trade guilds |
How did the plague effect the power balance in europe? | bad for church + nobles --> kings benefit and centralize |
how did the gov start changing in late middle ages? | it started becoming more centralized |
When was the hundred years war? | 1337-1453 |
What were the main causes of the war? | English King edward claim to french throne, english control of french territories like flanders, history of animosity |
what were the advantages that the french had? | 3 xs the population of england, wealthier, fought on own land |
What were the advantages that the english had? | stable centralized gov, better military strategy |
What was the Estates General? | french council of nobles/clergy/townspeople that increased taxes so king could raise war money |
What happened in the war during the reign of king edward? what did it lead to in france? | english won many victories like port of calais and captures french king John the Good --> estates general gets power in france |
What was the Jacquiere? | french peasant revolt from being taxed for war |
What was the Peace of bretigny calais? | treaty that secured english control of french territories (big win for english) |
what happened after king edward died? what did it lead to? | peasant revolts --> allowed france to push english back |
what did king henry V do in france? | took normandy and agincourt |
What did the treaty of troyes do? | gave english king henry V the claim to french throne |
Who was Joan of arc and what did she provide for the french? | french peasant who took Orleans back from english, gave french sense of national identity |
what allowed the french to finally drive the english back? | french alliance with burgundy |
What were the social/political effects of the war? | peasantry suffered from taxes , gave france national identity, burgundy became a political power, |
What was the 13th century papacy like? | very centralized, politically strong, spiritually weak |
What was the papal plenitude of power? | doctrine by pope innocent that made the papacy a great secular power |
Who did the 13 century papacy receive criticism from? why? | the clergy and heretics for being materialistic |
What started happening to the papacy? | internal disunity and attacks from politicians |
Why did Boniface and Philip the fair quarrel? | boniface said he had no right to do clerical taxation, so edward responded by cutting off papacy's money supply |
why was boniface so powerless in the matter? | no money supply, in a fight with rival italian family, king arrested his bishop |
What was the Unam sanctam? did it work? | boniface last effort that declared temporal authority subject to church, no |
WHy did Pope clement V move the papacy to avignon? | to escape more conflict with the king |
How did the avignon papacy raise money? what did this do for its reputation | sold pardons for sins; materialistic |
what did marsilius of padua write? | the defender of peace, in which he said church should have no secular power |
who was john XXII? | most powerful avignon pope |
how did the papacy face national opposition in the late 14th century? | gov its restricted payments, power to make appointments, took away annates |
What did John Wycliffe teach? who followed him? | that church shouldnt have secular power; lollard heretics |
What did John Huss teach? who followed him? | vernacular translations of bible; hussites |
What was the great schism | time period when there was more than one pope and different countries took sides |
Why did the great schism happen? | Roman cardinals/Pope urban 6 wanted papacy to be in rome, french cardinals/pope clement 7 wanted it to be in avignon |
how did the great schism end> | conciliarism |
What was conciliar theory? | idea that church councils have authority over papacy |
What did the council of pisa do | selected a new pope and tried to depose the old ones but they didn't step down |
What did the council of constance do? | asserted conciliar power, deposed all 3 existing popes and chose a new 1 |
What did the council of basel do? what did this end? | peacefully negotiated with bohemian hussites, ended hussite wars |
How did conciliarism die? | the pope reunited with the eastern church and declared church councils null |
What was the main consequence of the conciliar movement? what happened because of it | more secular control over church (kings started regulating religious life) |
What religion did medieval russia choose to adopt? why? | greek orthodoxy. to strengthen ties with byzantine empire |
what happened in medieval russia after the prince died? | rivaling byzantine princes all fought for control of it, creating a divided country |
What did the Mongol empire do in Russia? what did political effect did it have on russia? | conquered and made the cities pay. Deepened separation between russia and the west |
How did the mongol rule end in russia? | moscow princes slowly took control of territory and then defeated tatar (mongol) forces |