| Term | Definition |
| Palpation | Feeling a structure with the hands |
| Auscultation | Listening to natural sounds made by the body |
| Percussion | Tapping a body part and feeling for abnormal resistance |
| Dissection | The careful cutting and separation of tissues to reveal internal anatomy |
| Gross Anatomy | Structures seen with the naked eye |
| Histology (microscopic anatomy) | Observing thinly sliced specimens under the microscope |
| Ultrastructure | Fine details (molecular level) revealed by electron microscope |
| Inductive | Method of Study: Numerous observations until confident enough to draw generations/predictions.
Anatomy is a product of this. |
| Hypothetico-Deductive | Method a researcher uses to ask a question and formulates a hypothesis.
Most physiological knowledge obtained using this method. |
| Hypothesis | Possible answer to a question. |
| Evolution | Change in genetic composition of a population of an organism |
| Natural Selection | Principle theory of how evolution works.
Ex. Opposable thumbs to grasp that are highest priority |
| Homeostasis | Body's ability to detect change and maintain stable internal conditions despite environmental changes |
| Anatomical Position | Standard frame of reference.
Palms face anterior. |
| Sagittal | Vertically through body.
Left and right portions |
| Median (midsagittal) | Equal halfs |
| Frontal (coronal) | Extends vertically, but perpendicular.
Anterior and posterior portions. |
| Transverse (horizontal) | Horizontally.
Superior and Inferior portions. |
| Axial | Portion of body: head, neck, trunk |
| Appendicular | Portion of body: upper and lower limbs |
| Proximal/Distal | Closer to point of attachment/Further from point of origin
Describes anatomy of upper and lower limbs. |
| Arm | Upper part of limb between shoulder and elbow |
| Leg | Part of lower limb between knee and ankle |
| Chemical Element | Simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties |
| Atomic Number | Element identification.
Number of protons |
| Nucleus | Center of Atom.
Protons and Neutrons.
Surrounded by clouds of electrons. |
| Polar Covalent Bonds | Holds atoms in water molecules together |
| Nonpolar Covalent Bond | Strongest of all chemical bonds.
Carbon atoms bind to other carbon atoms. |
| Hydrophilic | Substance that dissolve in water |
| Hydrophobic | Substance that do not dissolve in water |
| Amphiphilic | Large molecules that are both Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic regions. |
| Protein is a polymor of | amino acids |
| Enzymes | Proteins that serve as biological catalysts.
Allow rapid reactions. |
| Polysaccharide is a polymor of | onosaccharides |
| Glucose (blood sugar) is a polymor of | Monosaccharide |
| Sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (milk sugar) are a polymor of | Disaccharides |
| Three polysaccharides of interest | Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose |
| Nucleic Acid is a polymor of | Nucleotides |
| Cholesterol | Liquid with 17 of its carbon atoms arranged in four rings.
Natural product of body.
Important component of cell membrames,
Does more good than harm. |
| Cells | Smallest unit of organism that carry out basic life functions. |
| Modern Cell Theory | Organism's structure and functions are ultimately due to cells. |
| Diffusion | Net movement of particles from high concentration to lower concentration.
No energy (passive process) |
| Active transport | Transports solute up to concentration point.
Energy comes from ATP. |
| Examples of Endocytosis | Phagocytosis,
pinocytosis,
receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| Vesicular Transport Process (endocytosis and exocytosis) | Always requires energy |
| Symport | Carries two or more solutes through membrane in same direction |
| Antiport, examples | Carries two or more solutes through opposite directions.
Sodium-potassium pump |
| Uniport | One solute carried at a time |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Produces phospholipids and proteins of plasma membrane |
| Golgi Complex | Conjugates protein and lipids with carbohydrates to make glycoproteins and gylcolipids |
| Lysosomes | Digestion and disposal of worn-out organelles |
| Nucleus | Cells control center and safety house of DNA |
| Mitochondria | "Powerhouses" of cell.
Energy extraction and transferred to ATP. |
| Organelles NOT surrounded by membranes | Ribosomes, centrosome, centriles, basal bodies |
| Microvilli | (Surface extension)
Extension of plasma membrane that serve to increase cell's surface area.
Best for cell absorption. |
| Cilia | Hair-like processes.
Present in every human cell.
(Surface extension)
Found in waves, but less widespread.
Certain parts of body found. |
| Flagella | (Surface extension)
Found only in sperm. |
| Gylcocalyx | External to plasma membrane, fuzzy coat |
| Carbohydrate moieties | ...Gylcocalyx consists of.
Chemically unique, except identical twins.
Identification tag to distinguish healthy cells from foreign, diseased cells. |
| 98% of the molecules in the plasma membranes are.. | Lipids |
| 75% of the liquids are... | Phospoliquids.
Arrange in bilayer |
| 2% of molecules in plasma membrane are.. | Proteins. |
| Membrane protein functions? | Receptors, enzymes, ion channels |
| Hypertonic | (Solution)
High concentration on non-permeating solutes than intracellular fluid.
Less water. |
| Hypotonic | Lower concentration of non-permeating solutes than the inter-cellular fluid.
More water. |
| DNA is a polymer of... | 4 different Nucleotides.
Each unique base.
A (adenine), T(thymine), C(cytosine), G (guanine). |
| Law of complementary base pairing. | Each unique base.
A (adenine), T(thymine), C(cytosine), G (guanine).
A-T and C-G are base pairs. |
| Double helix of DNA is held together by.. | Hydrogen Bonds (between base pairs) |
| RNA differ from DNA? | DNA: two nucleotide chains, thymine (T), irreplaceable and safe in nucleus, deoxyribose [sugar]
RNA: one nucleotide chain, uracil (U), disposable and moves between nucleus and cytoplasm, ribose |
| Involved in producing proteins? | mRNA (messenger- transcribes genetic code),
rRNA (ribosomal- translates code for protein),
tRNA (transfer- bounds amino acids together) |
| Sequence of 3 DNA nucleotides that stands for.. | 1 amin acid called base triplet |
| A 3-base sequence in mRNA is called.. | codon |
| Gene | Information-containing DNA segment for production of RNA.
Turned on and off from day to day as their products are needed or not. |
| DNA codes only for the production of... | Proteins |
| Location of particular gene on a chromosome | Locus |
| Homologous Chromosomes | Pair of chromosomes, each inherited from each parent.
Same gene at same locus. |
| Alleles | Different forms of gene.
Produce alternative forms of a trait.
One dominant, one recessive. |
| Codominant alleles, example | Both phenotypically expressed.
Ex. ABO blood type |
| Sex-linked traits, examples | Carried in X or Y chromosome.
Inherited by one sex more than the other.
Men and color blindness (located on X chromosome) |
