Term | Definition |
Sensory organs | Provide us with information about our surroundings and our internal activity |
Receptors | Detect stimuli and generate impulses |
Sensory tracts | Functionally related bundles of fibers in the white matter of the spinal cord or brain |
Sensory area | Interpret sensory input |
Chemoreceptors | React to chemicals |
Mechanoreceptors | Respond to pressure stretch or vibration, Physical movement |
Thermoreceptors | Respond to temperature |
Nociceptors | Detect tissue damage and give the sense of pain |
Photoreceptors | Detect light |
Projection | The perception of sensation in any given area |
Intensity | Determined by the number of receptors stimulated and the amount of stimulation in each |
Adaptation | Becoming less aware of continuing stimulation |
Contrast | Effect of the previous or simultaneous sensation on a current sensation |
Fast fibers | Sharp stabbing pain like when you have an injury |
Slow fibers | Dull achy pain |
Referred pain | Pain from a visceral organ felt in a cutaneous area |
Pain | Detected by nociceptors |
Temperature | Detected by free nerve endings located in the skin |
Touch | Specialized nerve endings most of which are mechanoreceptors, Sense pressure and stretch |
Taste | Results when chemicals come in contact with taste buds |
Taste buds | Made of receptors called gustatory cells |
Olfaction | Smell |
Olfactory receptors | Detect vaporized chemicals in the upper nasal cavity |
Outer ear | Includes the auricle and ear canal |
Auricle | Funnels sound into ear canal |
Ear canal | External acoustic meatus lined with ceruminous and sebaceous glands ends at the eardrum |
Middle ear | Air filled cavities that contains the ossicles and is drained by the eustachian tubes |
Eardrum | Vibrates with sound waves and transfers energy to ossicles |
Auditory ossicles | Transfers and amplifies sound to the oval window of the inner ear |
Eustachian tube | Equalizes pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane |
Otitis media | Middle ear infection |
Inner ear | Cavity known as the bony labyrinth in the temporal bone |
Membranous labyrinth | Lines the inside of the bony Labyrinth |
Perilymph | Fluid between bone and membranous labyrinth |
Endolymph | Fluid within the membranous labyrinth |
Cochlea | Snail shaped structure for hearing |
Cochlear duct | Contains the organ of corti |
Organ of corti | AKA Spiral organ |
Tectorial membrane | Presses against the hair cells to trigger depolarization |
Round window | Bulges out to relieve pressure when the oval window is depressed |
Balance | AKA Equilibrium |
Vestibular Apparatus | Includes the utricle and saccule |
Semicircular canals | Responsible for dynamic equilibrium |
Ampulla | Located at the base of each semicircular Canal |
Eyelids | Protects lubricates and cleans the eye |
Eyebrows | Enhances facial expressions aiding in nonverbal communication |
Conjunctiva | Transparent mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the anterior surface of the eyeball |
Palpebral fissure | The opening between the lids |
Lacrimal punctum | Tiny pores through which tears drain into the lacrimal canal and the nasolacrimal duct |
Lacrimal gland | Produces tears |
Nasolacrimal duct | Carries tears into the nasal cavity |
Fibrous tunic | Contains the sclera and the cornea |
Sclera | White part of The eye |
Cornea | Transparent portion of the eye |
Vascular tunic | Includes choroid layer ciliary body and the iris |
Choroid layer | Absorbs light in the eye to prevent glare |
Ciliary body | Changes the shape of the lens so we can focus |
Iris | Colored part of the eye |
Pupil | The opening in the iris |
Dilation | Contraction of the radio fibers, let's more light in |
Constriction | Contraction of the circular fibers, blocks Light when bright |
Retina | The inner layer of the eye, contains visual receptors – rods and cones |
Rods | Detect all wavelengths of visible light |
Cones | Detect colors |
Optic disc | Opening where the optic nerve exits The eye |
Posterior cavity of the eye | Between the lens and retina |
Anterior cavity | Between the lens and cornea |
Physiology of vision | Light is focused on the retina, receptors generate impulses, visual areas of the brain interpret |
Aqueous humor | Fills the anterior cavity |
Reflection | Bending of light rays |
Convergence | Lines up the visual axis of each eye towards the object so that the light rays fall on the corresponding spots on each retina |
Visual acuity | The sharpness of visual perception |
Intrinsic eye muscles | Muscles that constrict and dilate the pupil |
Pupillary constrictor | Encircles the pupil, narrows the pupil to admit less light |
Pupillary dilator | Widens the pupils to admit more light |
Accommodation | When the curvature of the lens changes to allow the eye to focus on a near object |
Photopupillary reflex | When pupils constrict automatically when exposed to bright light |
Sensory pathways | Include the receptors, sensory neurons, sensory tracts, sensory area |
Cerebral cortex | Sensory area is usually found in the |
Chemoreceptors | React to odors, tastes, blood chemistry, etc. |
Proprioceptors | The type of mechanoreceptors in muscles and joints |
Sound | Mechanoreceptors can also detect _____ |
Phantom pain | Perception of pain in an area that doesn't exist |
Cerebral cortex | Projection is "actually" felt in the _____ |
Neuron | Each receptor is attached to a _____ that goes to a specific part of the brain from a specific part of the body |
Stimulation | Receptors generate fewer impulses with continued _____ |
Fast fibers | Abundant in the skin and mucous membranes |
Slow fibers | In deep body organs |
Pressure | The sense of touch detects touch and _____ |
Taste buds | Type of taste receptors |
Taste cells | Taste buds are also called _____ |
Chemoreceptors | Detect chemicals in food dissolved in saliva |
Papillae | Bumps on the tongue |
Vallate, foliate, filiform, fungiform | The four types of papillae |
Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear | The three areas of the ear |
Auricle | Elastic cartilage covered with skin |
Tympanic membrane | Another name for the eardrum |
Eardrum | Separates the middle ear from the outer ear |
Malleus, incus, stapes | The three parts of the auditory ossicles |
Mallet/hammer | Malleus resembles a _____ |
Anvil | Incus resembles an _____ |
Stirrup | Stapes resembles |
Auditory tubes | Another name for eustachian tubes |
Nasopharynx | Eustachian tubes extend from the middle ear to the_____ |
Air | Eustachian tubes permit _____ to enter or leave |
Elevation | Eustachian tubes can plug and cause pressure in ere when changing _____ |
Three | The cochlea is partitioned into _____ fluid filled canals |
Organ of corti | The hearing sense organ |
Vestibule | Utricle and saccule are membranous sacs in the _____ |
Semicircular canals | Three fluid filled membranous ovals oriented in different |
Palpebrae | Another term for eyelids |
Skeletal muscles | Eyelids are controlled by _____ |
Dust | Eyelashes prevent |
Spreads | Lacrimal ducts released tears and blinking _____ them |
NaCl | Tears are 1% |
Isozymes | Tears contain |
Eyeball | Within the orbit formed by lacrimal, maxillary, zygomatic, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones |
Six | ___ Extrinsic muscles move the eye |
Outer layer, middle layer, ciliary body | The three layers of the eye |
Outer layer of the eye | Includes the Scalera and the cornea |
Middle layer of the eye | Includes choroid layer, ciliary body, and the iris |
Ciliary body | Circular muscle that surrounds and is connected to the lens by suspensory ligaments |
Anterior | The iris is _____ to the lens |
Melanin | Iris gets its color from _____ |
Blind spot | Area in which there are no visual receptors |
Vitreous chamber | Another term for the posterior cavity of the eye |