Term | Definition |
Integumentary System | Protection, temperature regulation, water retention, and sensation. |
Skeletal System | Protection of body organs, support, movement, and blood formation. |
Muscular System | Movement, posture, and heat production |
Lymphatic System | Role in fluid balance, production of immune cells, and defense against disease. |
Respiratory System | Absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base, and speech. |
Urinary System | Excretion of wastes, regulation of blood volume and pressure, and control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. |
Nervous System | Control, regulation, and coordination of other systems, sensation, and memory. |
Endocrine System | Hormone production, and control and regulation of other systems. |
Circulatory System | Distribution of oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, immune cells and anti-bodies. fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. |
Disgestive System | Breakdown and absorption of nutrients and elimination of wastes. |
Male Reproductive System | Production and delivery of sperm, and secretion of sex hormones. |
Female Reproductive System | Production of eggs, site of fertilization and fetal development, birth, lactation, and secretion of sex hormones. |
Anatomical Position | Standing erect, arms at the sides, with face palms, and feet facing foward. |
Right and Left | Always refer to the patient's right and left side. |
Medial | Towards the body's midline. |
Lateral | Away from the body's midline. |
Proximal | Closest to the point of orgin. |
Distal | Farthest from point of origin. |
Superior | Above |
Inferior | Below |
Anterior (Ventral) | Toward the front of the body |
Posterior (Dorsal) | Toward the back of the body. |
Superficial | At or near the body's surface. |
Deep | Away from the body's surface. |
Anatomy | is the study of the structure. |
Physiology | is the study of body functions. |
Pathophysiology | is the study of diseases. |
Organization of the body | is simple to complex and it each builds upon the one before. |
Cells | is the smallest living unit. |
Tissues | is a group of cells with similar structure and function. |
Examples of tissues | Epithelial, Connevtive, Muscle, and Nerve |
Organs | is a groups of tissue that work together to perform a specific function. |
Organ Systems | ia a group of organs that work to perform a function. |
Examples of an organ system are | Uninary, digestive, respiratory system, and etc. |
Organism | is all body functions contributing t a living being. |
To make anatomical terms universally understood, they are always in reference to a standard body position called | anatomical position. |
Anatomical postion | is standing, arms at sides, feet and palms facing foward. |
Directional terms | are grouped in pairs of opposites. |
Internal | within, interior to |
External | outside, exterior to |
Central | center, main part |
Peripheral | away from the center ot main part |
Parietal | pertaining to the wall of a cavity |
Visceral | pertaining to the organs within a cavity |
Plane | is an imaginary flat surface that seperates 2 portions. |
Sagittal section | seperates body into right and left portions. |
Midsagittal plane | exactly in the middle |
Parasagittal Plane | not midline. |
Transverse section | seperates body into upper and lower portions. (Horizontal) |
Frontal section also known as | Coronal section |
Frontal section | seperates into front and back portions. |
Axillary | armpit |
Brachial | upper arm |
Buccal | cheek |
Oral | mouth |
vertebral | spine |
Cervical | neck |
Digital | fingers |
Facial | face |
Deltoid | shoulder |
Femoral | thigh |
Frontal | forehead |
Pedal | foot |
Carpal | carpal |
Antecubical | front of the elbow |
Tarsal | ankle |
Inguinal | Inguinal (Not groin;Groin is a muscle group) |
Cephalic | head |
Mammary | breast |
Nasal | nose |
Palmar | palm |
Orbital | eye |
Umbilical | Navel/belly button |
Patellar | Knee |
Pectoral | chest |
Sternal | sternum |
Pelvic | pelvis |
Abdominal | abdomen |
Plantar | sole of feet |
Popliteal | back of knee |
Sacral | sacrum |
Perineal | pelvic floor |
Scapular | scapula (shoulder blade) |
Occipital | back of head |
Lumbar | lower back |
Calcaneal | heel |
Gluteal | Buttock |
Cranial | Skull |
There are 2 major body cavity | Dorsal Cavity and Ventral Cavity |
Dorsal cavity | contains cranial and spinal. |
Cranial Skull | is the brain. |
Spinal Column | is the spinal cord. |
Ventral Cavity | contains the Thoracic Cavity and Abdominopelvic Cavity. |
Thoracic Cavity | includes the heart and lungs. |
Pleural cavity | contains the lungs. |
Mediastirium | comtains the heart great vessels, trachea, and esophagus. |
Abdominopelvic cavity | is seperated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm. |
Abdominal cavity | contains liver, stomach, intestines, and etc. |
Pelvic cavity | is below the pelvic rim. |
Pelvic cavity | includes the bladder, reproductive organs, colon, rectum, covered by mesentry. |
How many regions are in the abdomen? | 9 regions |
Upper areas above bottom or the rib cage are called | Right and Left Hypochondraic and Epigastric Region. |
Middle region areas are called | Right and Left Lumbar and Umbilical Region. |
Lower areas below the iliac crest are called | Right and Left Iliac and Hypogastric. |
How many quadrants are in the abdomen? | 4 quadrants. |
4 quadrants are divided by 2 imaginary lines, one vertical, and one horizontal that crosses the | Umbilicus. |
RUQ | Right Upper Quadrant |
RLQ | Right Lower Quadrant |
LUQ | Left Upper Quadrant |
LLQ | Left upper Quadrant |
Homeostasis | is the state of dynamic equilibrium of the internal environment of the body. |
Homeostatic regulation | is the process of adjusting to maintain homeostasis with the receptor, control center, and effector. |
Negative Feedback | reverses of a function brought about by monitoring the results of the function. |
The effector | opposes the stimulus. |
Example of a negative feedbeack is | blood pressure. |
Positive Feedback | enhancement of a function. |
The effector | reinforces the stimulus and amplifies the change. |
Example of a positive feedback is | childbirth. |
a term to describe something toward the body's midline is | medial |
The name of the major body caity that encompassing the frontal portion of the body is called | Ventral |
What is the term to describe the abdominal region just under the breastbone? | Epigastric Region |
The process of homeostatic regulation operates most often through a system of: | Negative Feedback. |