| Question | Answer |
| Renaissance time period | 1350-1550 |
| Johann Gutenberg | printing press in 1454
created Gutenberg Bible
allowed Renaissance and the spread of ideas to occur |
| the de Medici's | oligarchy in Italy during the Renaissance
patrons of Brunelleschi who painted the dome of the Florence cathedral
famous banking family |
| Francesco Petrarch | father of humanism
1304-1374 |
| Leonardo da Vinci | 1452-1519
“Renaissance Man”
Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and Madonna of the Rocks
led him to science, engineering, and anatomy |
| Francesco Sforza | enemy of de Medici’s
1401-1466
seized control of Milan in the 1450s
used mercenary soldiers (condottiere) to undermine Italy’s independence |
| printing press invented | 1454 |
| Machiavelli publishes The Prince | 1513 |
| changing artistic styles | oil-based paints rather than tempera (egg-based) paints
realistic, 3D perspective
naturalism – focus on human body
subject matter – more secular
order and symmetry
status of artists |
| Ulrich Zwingli | 1484-1531
reform movement more radical than Luther’s
accepted 2 sacraments
disagreed over meaning of communion (God not actually in the food) |
| Reformation time period | 1500s |
| Martin Luther | wrote 95 Theses on the Power of Indulgences
created new Protestant religion
wrote 2 sacraments
German |
| John Calvin | reformer from Switzerland
founded Genevan Academy in 1559
popular Protestant religion with the middle and upper classes because of his views on noble privileges |
| St. Ignatius Loyola | 1491-1556
founded the Jesuits or the Society of Jesus in the 1540s
wrote Spiritual Exercises
missionaries focused on Catholicizing large parts of Eastern Europe |
| King Henry VIII | 6 wives
King of England
converted England to the Anglican church from Catholicism because Pope Clement II wouldn’t grant an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon (the pope’s cousin) |
| Luther posts the 95 theses | 1517 |
| Act of Supremecy | creates Anglican Church in England in 1534 |
| exploration time period | 1450-1600 |
| Hernando Cortes | conquered the Aztec civilization
established a Spanish presence in North America |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese seamen who sailed under the flag of Spain
first person to circumnavigate the world
sailed around the tip of South America before dying in the Philippines |
| Francisco Pizarro | successfully conquered the Incan Empire using the same methods as Cortes did with the Aztecs years before |
| Vasco Nunez de Balboa | an expedition across the Isthmus of Panama to discover the Pacific Ocean |
| Vasco de Gama | 1498 – sailed around the Cape of Good Hope to get Indian spices |
| Columbian Exchange | trade of goods between the Old and New Worlds which spread new foods, animals, and diseases |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | devided the world into 2 halves
Portugal had East
Spain had West |
| Enlightenment time period | 1700s |
| Voltaire | French writer of satire
one of the most important who wrote many works
1694–1778 |
| Denis Diderot | 1713-1784
French scholar
one of the primary editors of the Encyclopedia |
| Immanuel Kant | 1724–1804
built on David Hume’s theories
denounced reason as an inaccurate way to think
German philosopher |
| David Hume | 1711–1776
Scottish philosopher
questioned everything
one of the most important figures in skepticism |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | 1712–1778
Swiss-French thinker
wrote The Social Contract
created direct democracy in which all citizens work together to reach an overarching “general will” |
| French Revolution time period | 1789-1815 |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | general in the French army
leader in the 1799 coup to overthrow the Directory
eventual emperor of the French Empire |
| Robespierre | leader of the radical Jacobins
chairman of the Committee of Public Safety
executed thousands during the Reign of Terror
eventually guillotined |
| Louis XVI | French king from 1774-1792
executed in 1793
inherited debt problem and added to it with heavy spending
held estates general |
| Marie Antoinette | wife of Louis XVI
eventually guillotined
the primary symbol of the French royalty’s excess and extravagances |
| Olympe de Gouges | writer
proponent of equality for women
wrote Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen |
| May 5, 1789 | reconvening of the Estates General |
| June 20, 1789 | Tennis Court Oath |
| 1793-94 | Reign of Terror |
| Napoleon's reign (date) | 1799-1815 |
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