| Question | Answer |
| The Ancien Régime was also known as the ______. | Old Regime |
| The nobility constituted approximately _____ percent of the population of any given country. country | 1 to 5 |
| The smallest, wealthiest, best defined, and most socially responsible aristocracy resided in _______. | Great Britain |
| Define "of the sword." | Those whose nobility was derived from military service. |
| Define "of the robe." | Those who had acquired their titles either by serving the bureaucracy or by having purchased them. |
| Define hoberaeaux. | The provincial nobility. |
| Define taille. | land tax; the basic tax of the Old Regime. |
| Define vingtième. | "Twentieth."; which resembled an income tax. |
| Define corvées. | Forced labor on public works. |
| Define szlachta. | Polish nobles that were entirely exempt from taxes after 1741. |
| The Russian Charter of the Nobility constituted one aspect of the broader Europe-wide development termed the ________. | aristocratic resurgence |
| Define banalités. | Certain feudal dues subject to French peasants. |
| Define seigneur. | Lord. |
| Define robot. | Laws and customs of the Hapsburg lands that required serfs to provide services. |
| Between 1671 and 1831, English landowners had the exclusive legal eight to hunt game animals including, in particular, _______. | hares, partridges, pheasants, and moor fowl |
| Define family economy. | The household mode of organization that predominate don farms, in artisans' workshops, and in small merchants' shops. |
| An artisan's daughter might not leave home until marriage, because _______. | at home she could learn increasingly valuable skills associated with the trade |
| For women of all social ranks, childbirth meant ______. | fear and vulnerability because contagious diseases endangered both mother and child. |
| The main goal of traditional peasant society was ______. | a stability that would ensure the local food supply. |
| Define Agricultural Revolution. | A series of innovations in farm production developed by landlords in Western Europe. |
| Who instituted crop rotation, using wheat, turnips, barley, and clover? | Charles "Turnip" Townsend (1674-1738). |
| Define enclosures. | The enclosures were intended to use land more rationally and to achieve greater commercial. profits. |
| The second half of the eighteenth century witnessed the beginning of the industrialization of European economy called _______. | The Industrial Revolution. |
| Who took the lead in consumer revolution that expanded the demand for goods that could be efficiently supplied? | Great Britain. |
| Define domestic. | Putting-out. |
| Define system of textile production. | Agents of urban textile merchants took wool or other unfinished fibers to the home of peasants, who spun it into thread. |
| Who invented the spinning jenny? | James Hargreaves (ca. 1720-1778) |
| What did the spinning jenny do? | Initially, this machine allowed 16 spindles of thread to be spun, but by the close of the century, it could operate 120 spindles. |
| Who invented the first practical engine to use steam power? | Thomas Newcomen (1663-1729). |
| Who was a successful toy and button manufacturer in Birmingham, the city with the most skilled metalworkers in Britain? | Matthew Boulton (1728-1809). |
| Who was the cannon manufacturer that drill precise metal cylinders Watt's design required? | John Wilkinson (1728-1808). |
| Who made a better version of the Newcomen steam engine? | James Watt (1736-1819). |
| During the early eighteenth century, British iron-makers produces somewhat less than ______ tons of iron annually. | 25,000 |
| The transformation of agriculture and inustry led to _____. | a series of of seemingly modest changes that, taken collectively, diminished the importance and role of those women already in the workforce |
| Remarkable changes occurred in the pattern of city growth between _____. | 1500 and 1800 |
| London grew from about 700,000 inhabitants to _____ in 1800. | 1 million |
| By the time of the French Revolution, Paris had more than _______ inhabitants. | 500,000 |
| Berlin's population tripled during the century, reaching _______ in 1800. | 170,000 |
| Warsaw had 30,000 inhabitants in 1730, but almost _______ in 1794. | 120,000 |
| St. Petersburg, founded in 1703, numbered more than ______ inhabitants a century later. | 250,000 |
| Even in France and Great Britain, probably somewhat less than _______ 20 percent of the population lived in cities. | 20 |
| In particular, between 1600 and 1750, the cities that grew most vigorously were _______. | capitals and ports |
| Furthermore, between 1600 and 1750, cities with populations of fewer than _______ inhabitants decline. | 40,000 |
| Shopkeepers, artisans, and wage earners were the single ______ group in any city. | largest |
| Define ghetto. | Distinct districts of cities, or in primarily Jewish villages in the countryside. |
