Question | Answer |
Hugo Grotius | Law of War and Peace (Treatise of International Law) |
Baruch Spinoza | Portuguese Jewsih lens grinder, Philosopher (nature of reality, human conduct, church vs. state) |
Anton van Leeuwenhoek | Microscope, beginning of modern Biology |
Balthasar Bekker | Against superstition and witchcraft
World Betwitched |
Anna Maria van Shurman | Argued for education of women
The Learned Maid or Whether a Maid May Be Called a Scholar |
Frans Hals | Portraits of Common People |
Jan Vermeer | Captured everyday, especially women
ex. Girl Reading a Letter at an Open Window |
Rembrandt | Mystery of human consciousness
ex. Masters of the Cloth Guild |
Baroque | Fascination with light, interior space, colors, naturalistic images
Associations with Catholic Church/Counter-Reformation, often depicted religious glory |
Dutch Baroque | Applied the artistic styles of Baroque Art, but depicted everyday life |
Dutch Religious Toleration: Who were tolerated? | Arminians, Catholics, Jews, Mennonites |
Dutch Religious Toleration: Who were the Arminians? | Moderate Calvinists who believed that god ordained free will to the 'saved' so that they will pick god |
Dutch Religious Toleration: Why were Jews attracted to the Dutch Republic? | The urban environment made it possible for them to succeed |
Dutch Religious Toleration: DeWitte | Architect who made all religious places of worship the same looking |
Dutch Religious Toleration: Cannon of Sinners of Dordrecht & Significance | Publication of official Dutch Calvinist Religion, meant that some one was being supressed |
Shipping Industry | Owned most of European shipping industry (carriers), as result owned several foreign industries (French vineyards); lost preeminance after English Navigation Act |
Dutch East/West Companies | Exploitation of Asian/American/African trade markets
Only European link to Japan after JPN restrictions
Est. American and African Colonies |
Bank of Amsterdam | Uniform European currency; i.e. the Florin which was internationally accepted
Safety deposits, attracted foreign capital,made loans possible |
Amsterdam | Financial capital of Europe until the French Revolution |
Dutch Wars: Anglo-Dutch Wars #1 (1652-54) | Effects of Navigation Act (1651) threatened Dutch economic existence because Dutch were not large enough to be producers/exporters so resolved to being middle men. N. Act cut out their role. |
Dutch Wars: Anglo-Dutch Wars #2 (1665-67) | English annexed New Amsterdam and renamed it New York; temporary truce for Dutch Wars against France |
Estates General of United Provinces | Weak Dutch parliament with representative from each of the 7 provinces |
Stadholder (provinces) | Elected Provincial executive |
Stadholder (United Provinces) | Elected from House of Orange; powerful during war only |
William of Orange | Hereditary Stadholder, eventually King of England |