Question | Answer |
_____ Is the study of joints. | Arthology |
Where two or more bones meet. | Articulation |
What are Joints classified by? | Freedom of movement, or structure |
The classification is based on the way bones are held together. | Structural |
This classification is based on relative joint mobility. | Functional |
Bones seperated by a joint cavity, lubricated by synovial fluid, enclosed in fibrous joint capsule is? | Synovial Joint |
Bones held together by collagenous fibers extending from the matrix of one bone into the matrix of the next; no joint cavity | Fibrous joint |
Bones held together by cartilage; no joint cavity. | Cartilaginous |
A skull suture is what kind of joint in regards to structural classification? | Fibrous |
The intervertebral discs are what kind of joint in regards to structural classicfication? | Cartiliginous |
Freely movable joints are? | Diarthroses |
What are 3 examples of a Diarthroses? | Shoulder, elbow, carpal joints |
Joints with little or no movement are? | Synarthroses |
What are 3 examples of Synarthroses? | Skull sutures, teeth in sockets, epiphyseal plates |
What are the 3 Fibrous joints? | Sutures, gomphese, and syndesmoses |
What are the two types of carliginous joints? | Synchondroses and symphyses |
Peg and socket, such as a tooh is what kind of joint? | Gomphoses |
What ligament is a tooth held in place by? | Fibrous Peridontal Ligament |
Which fibrous joint is the most movable? | Syndesmoses |
Joint in which 2 bones are bound by a ligament only? | Syndesmoses |
Bones joined by hyaline cartilidge are? | Synchondroses joints. |
Most of these are freely moveably | Synovial Joints |
Viscous, slippery fluid rich in albumin and hyaluronic acis and similiar to raw egg white. | Synovial Fluid |
In a ___ Joint, a smooth head fits within a cuplike depression. | Ball and Socket Joint |
What joint is multiaxial and has the most range of motion? | Ball and socket Joint |
One bone with convex surface that fits into a concave depression on the other bone is? | Hinge joint |
Each articular surface is shaped like a saddle, concave in one direction and convex in the other, what is this joint? | Saddle Joint |
In a ____ Joint, one bone has a projection that fits into a ringlike ligament of another. | Pivot Joint |
Flat articular surfaces in which bones slide over each other are? | Gliding joints |
Oval convex surface on one bone fits into a similarly shaped depression on the next | Condyloid Joint |
___ Decreses the angle of a joint | Flexion |
_____ straightens a joint and returns a body part to the anatomical position. | Extension |
___ is extension of a joint beyond 180 degrees. | Hyperextension |
___ is the movement of a part away from the midsagittal line as in raising the arm to the side | abduction |
______ is movement towards the midsaggital line. | adduction |
______ is a movement that raises a bone vertically | Elevation |
_____ is lowering the mandible or the shoulders. | Depression |
_____ is movement of a bone anterior(forward) on a horizontal plane. | Protraction |
____ is movement of a bone posterior on a horizontal plane. | Retraction |
A sideways movemnt to the right or left is? | Lateral excursion |
A movement back to the midline. | Medial Excursion |
Movement in which one end of an appendage remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion | Circumduction |
______ is rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces upward | Supination |
____ is rotation of the forearm so the palm faces downward | Pronation |
____ is movement of the thumb to approach or touch the fingertips | Opposition |
___ is movement back to the anatomical position | Reposition |
______ is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step. | Dorsiflexion |
The extension of the foot so that the toes point downward as in standing on tiptoe | Plantar flexion |
___ is a movement in which the soles are turned medially, hallux up. | Inversion |
_____ is a turning of the soles to face laterally, hallux down. | Eversion |
The ____ Skeleton for the central axis, the skull, vertebral column, ribs and bony thorax. | Axial |
____ Skeleton includes the limbs and girdles | Appendicular |
There are _____ bones in a typical adult skeleton. | 206 |
How many bones are in the skull | 22 |
___ Bone forms 'the forehead and part of the roof of the cranium | Frontal bone |
_____ Bone is bordered by four sutures and forms the cranial roof and part of its lateral walls. | Parietal bone |
______ Bone fors the inferolateral aspects of the skull and parts of the cranial floor. | Temporal bone |
_____ bone is the rear and much of the base of the skull. | Occipital Bone |
______Bone is an irregular butterfly shaped bone, also called the keystone of the cranium. | Sphenoid bone |
_______ Bone Forms the lateral walls and roof of the nasal cavity. | Ethmoid bones |
__ Bones form the upper jaw | Maxillary bone |
_____ Bones are an L shaped bone, 1/3 of the hard palate, part of lateral nasal wall and part of the orbital floor. | Palatine bones |
____ Bones forms the angels of the cheekbones | Zygomatic bones |
Bones forms the bridge of the nose and supports cartilages of the noise | Nasal bone |
The _____ Supports cartliage of nasal septum | Vomer |
The only bone of the skull that can move, holds the lower teeth. | Mandible |
.The _____ Bone is suspended from styloid processes of the skull by a sylohyoid muscle and ligament | Hyoid bone |
Spaces between unfused skull bones are called? | Fontanels |
How many vertebrae are in the cervical region? | Seven |
How many vertebrae are in the thoracis region? | Twelve |
How many vertebrae are in the lumbar region? | Five |
____ Is from lack of proper development of one vertebrae, resulting in an S shaped spine. | Scoliosis |
A Bone disease caused by Osteoporosis | Kyphosis |
is from weak abdominal muscles | Lordosis |
____ discs bond vertebrae together, serve as a shock absorber | intervertebral |
The ______ girdle attatches the upper extremity to the body | Pectoral |
What are the 3 types of skeletal cartlidge? | Hyaline,Eleastic, and fibrocartlidge |
____ Cartlidge provides support, flexibility and resilience. It is the most abundant skeletal cartliage. | Hyaline cartilidge |
Similar to hyaline cartlige but contains elastic fibers | Elastic cartlidge |
This Cartlidge is highly compress with great tensile strength, contains collagen fibers | Fibrocartilidge |
_______ Bones are longer than they are wide. | Long bones |
_____ Bones are cuber shaped bones of the wrist and ankle. | Short bones |
_____ Bones are thin, flattened and a bit curved | Flat bones |
.___ Bones are bones with complicated shapes. | Irregular |
What are the functions of bones? | Support, protection, movement, Mineral storage, Blood cell formation |
In regards to bone markings, a rounded projection is? | Tuberosity |
A narrow, prominent ridge of a bone is? | Crest |
A large blunt irregular surface is? | Trochanter |
A narrow ridge of boneis? | A line |
A small rounded projection is? | A tubercle |
A raised area above a condyle is? | An epicondyle |
A shape slender projection is? | A spine |
Any bony prominence is a? | Process |
A bony expansion carried on a narrow neck is a? | Head |
A smooth, nearly flat surface is a ? | Facet |
A rounded articular projection is? | A condyle |
An armlike bar of bone is a ? | Ramus |
A canal like passageway is? | A meatus |
A cavity within in a bone is? | A sinus |
A shallow, basin like depression is? | A fossa |
A furrow is? | A groove |
A narrow, slitlike opening is a ? | Fissure |
A round or oval opening through a bone is a? | Foramen |
What are the 2 types of bone texture? | Compact and spongy |
The tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones, that is made of compact bone and surrounds the medullary cavity. | Diaphysis |
The _____ is the expanded ends of long bones, the joint surface is covered with articular cartliage | Epiphyses |
The double- layered protective membrane covering a bone. | Periosteum |
The delicate membrane covering the internal surface of a bone. | Endosteum |
The structural unit of a compact bone is called _________. | Osteon or Haversian system |
The weight bearing, column like matrix tube composed mainly of collagen is the ______. | Lamella |
. The central channel containing blood vessels and nerves is the__________. | Central canal |
__________ Canal is channels laying at right angels to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the harvasian canal. | Volkmanns |
Mature bone cells are called ________. | Osteocytes |
Small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes | Lacunae |
The hairlike canalsthat connect lacunae to each other and the central canal. | Canaliculi |
Bone- Forming cells are _______. | Osteablasts |
Large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix | Osteoclasts |
Unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycan, glycoproteins and collagen. | Osteoid. |
bone ends retain the normal position in the break. | non displaced |
Bones ends are out of normal alignment in the break | Displaced |
Bone is broken all the way through in this break | Complete |
bone is not broken all the way through in this break. | Incomplete |
The fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone | Linear |
The fracture is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone. | Transverse |
Bone ends penetrate the skin | Simple |
Bone fragments into 3 or more pieces; common in the elderly | Comminuted |
Ragged break when bone is excessively twisted | Spiral |
Broken bone portion pressed inward | Depressed |
Bone is crushed | Compression |
Bone are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bone. Pain when weight applied to affected bone. | Osteamalacia |
. Bones of children are inadequaltely mineralized causing softened weakened bones, bowed legs and deformities of the pelvis, skull and rib cage. | Rickets |
Group of disease in which bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit. | Osteoporosis |
Characterized by excessive bone formation and breakdown. | Pagets disease |
What are the 4 characteristics of muscle fibers? | Excitability, Contractility, extensibility, elasticity. |
How are muscles named? | Location, action, size, shape, number of heads, origin and instertion, direction of fibers. |
What are the function of the nervous system? | Sensory input, Motor output, Intergration |
What allows us to consciously control our skeletal muscles? | The somatic Nervous System |
Which type of glial cell monitors the health of neurons and can transform into a special type of macrophage to protect endangered neurons? | Microglia |
What type of glial cell produces the myelin sheathes? | Oligondendrocytes. |
What PNS neuroglia help to form mylein sheathes around larger nerve fibers in the PNS? | Schwann Cells |
What are bundles of neurofilaments important in maintaining the shape and integrity of neurons? | Neruofibrils |
Which of the following is the conducting region of the neuron? | axon |
Which criteria is used to functionally classify neurons? | Direction nerve impulses travel relative to the CNS |
Which of the following circuit types is involved in the control of rhythmic activities such as the sleep-wake cycle, breathing, and certain motor activities (such as arm swinging when walking)? | Reverberating circuits |
Which pattern or neural processing works in a predictable, all-or-nothing manner, where reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli in which a particular stimulus always causes the same response? | Serial Processing |
That part of the nervous system that is voluntary and conducts impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles is the ________ nervous system. | somatic |
What type of neuron carries impulses away from the CNS? | Motor |
________ are found in the CNS and bind axons and blood vessels to each other | astrocytes |
Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________. | oligodendrocytes |
Bipolar neurons are commonly ________ | Found in the retina |
Ependymal cells ________. | help to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid |
In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external environment? The interior is ________. | negatively charged and contains less sodium |
What type of stimulus is required for an action potential to be generated? | A threshold level stimulus |
Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which cellular gates open? | POTASSIUM |
What does the difference in the K+ and Na+ concentration on either side of the plasma membrane (and permeability of the membrane to those ions) generate? | Resting membrane potential |
Where in the neuron is an action potential initually generated? | Axon hillock |
The depolarization phase of an action potential results from the opening of which channels? | Voltage gated Calcium Channels |
The repolarization phase of an action potential results from __________. | the opening of voltage-gated K+ channels |
Hyperpolarization results from __________. | slow closing of voltage-gated K+ channels |
What is the magnitude (amplitude) of an action potential? | 100MV |
Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________. | The Myelin Sheath |
During depolarization, which gradient(s) move(s) Na+ into the cell? | both the electrical and chemical gradients |