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A&P Test 2
Skeletal System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| _____ Is the study of joints. | Arthology |
| Where two or more bones meet. | Articulation |
| What are Joints classified by? | Freedom of movement, or structure |
| The classification is based on the way bones are held together. | Structural |
| This classification is based on relative joint mobility. | Functional |
| Bones seperated by a joint cavity, lubricated by synovial fluid, enclosed in fibrous joint capsule is? | Synovial Joint |
| Bones held together by collagenous fibers extending from the matrix of one bone into the matrix of the next; no joint cavity | Fibrous joint |
| Bones held together by cartilage; no joint cavity. | Cartilaginous |
| A skull suture is what kind of joint in regards to structural classification? | Fibrous |
| The intervertebral discs are what kind of joint in regards to structural classicfication? | Cartiliginous |
| Freely movable joints are? | Diarthroses |
| What are 3 examples of a Diarthroses? | Shoulder, elbow, carpal joints |
| Joints with little or no movement are? | Synarthroses |
| What are 3 examples of Synarthroses? | Skull sutures, teeth in sockets, epiphyseal plates |
| What are the 3 Fibrous joints? | Sutures, gomphese, and syndesmoses |
| What are the two types of carliginous joints? | Synchondroses and symphyses |
| Peg and socket, such as a tooh is what kind of joint? | Gomphoses |
| What ligament is a tooth held in place by? | Fibrous Peridontal Ligament |
| Which fibrous joint is the most movable? | Syndesmoses |
| Joint in which 2 bones are bound by a ligament only? | Syndesmoses |
| Bones joined by hyaline cartilidge are? | Synchondroses joints. |
| Most of these are freely moveably | Synovial Joints |
| Viscous, slippery fluid rich in albumin and hyaluronic acis and similiar to raw egg white. | Synovial Fluid |
| In a ___ Joint, a smooth head fits within a cuplike depression. | Ball and Socket Joint |
| What joint is multiaxial and has the most range of motion? | Ball and socket Joint |
| One bone with convex surface that fits into a concave depression on the other bone is? | Hinge joint |
| Each articular surface is shaped like a saddle, concave in one direction and convex in the other, what is this joint? | Saddle Joint |
| In a ____ Joint, one bone has a projection that fits into a ringlike ligament of another. | Pivot Joint |
| Flat articular surfaces in which bones slide over each other are? | Gliding joints |
| Oval convex surface on one bone fits into a similarly shaped depression on the next | Condyloid Joint |
| ___ Decreses the angle of a joint | Flexion |
| _____ straightens a joint and returns a body part to the anatomical position. | Extension |
| ___ is extension of a joint beyond 180 degrees. | Hyperextension |
| ___ is the movement of a part away from the midsagittal line as in raising the arm to the side | abduction |
| ______ is movement towards the midsaggital line. | adduction |
| ______ is a movement that raises a bone vertically | Elevation |
| _____ is lowering the mandible or the shoulders. | Depression |
| _____ is movement of a bone anterior(forward) on a horizontal plane. | Protraction |
| ____ is movement of a bone posterior on a horizontal plane. | Retraction |
| A sideways movemnt to the right or left is? | Lateral excursion |
| A movement back to the midline. | Medial Excursion |
| Movement in which one end of an appendage remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion | Circumduction |
| ______ is rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces upward | Supination |
| ____ is rotation of the forearm so the palm faces downward | Pronation |
| ____ is movement of the thumb to approach or touch the fingertips | Opposition |
| ___ is movement back to the anatomical position | Reposition |
| ______ is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step. | Dorsiflexion |
| The extension of the foot so that the toes point downward as in standing on tiptoe | Plantar flexion |
| ___ is a movement in which the soles are turned medially, hallux up. | Inversion |
| _____ is a turning of the soles to face laterally, hallux down. | Eversion |
| The ____ Skeleton for the central axis, the skull, vertebral column, ribs and bony thorax. | Axial |
| ____ Skeleton includes the limbs and girdles | Appendicular |
| There are _____ bones in a typical adult skeleton. | 206 |
| How many bones are in the skull | 22 |
| ___ Bone forms 'the forehead and part of the roof of the cranium | Frontal bone |
| _____ Bone is bordered by four sutures and forms the cranial roof and part of its lateral walls. | Parietal bone |
| ______ Bone fors the inferolateral aspects of the skull and parts of the cranial floor. | Temporal bone |
| _____ bone is the rear and much of the base of the skull. | Occipital Bone |
| ______Bone is an irregular butterfly shaped bone, also called the keystone of the cranium. | Sphenoid bone |
| _______ Bone Forms the lateral walls and roof of the nasal cavity. | Ethmoid bones |
| __ Bones form the upper jaw | Maxillary bone |
| _____ Bones are an L shaped bone, 1/3 of the hard palate, part of lateral nasal wall and part of the orbital floor. | Palatine bones |
| ____ Bones forms the angels of the cheekbones | Zygomatic bones |
| Bones forms the bridge of the nose and supports cartilages of the noise | Nasal bone |
| The _____ Supports cartliage of nasal septum | Vomer |
| The only bone of the skull that can move, holds the lower teeth. | Mandible |
| .The _____ Bone is suspended from styloid processes of the skull by a sylohyoid muscle and ligament | Hyoid bone |
| Spaces between unfused skull bones are called? | Fontanels |
| How many vertebrae are in the cervical region? | Seven |
| How many vertebrae are in the thoracis region? | Twelve |
| How many vertebrae are in the lumbar region? | Five |
| ____ Is from lack of proper development of one vertebrae, resulting in an S shaped spine. | Scoliosis |
| A Bone disease caused by Osteoporosis | Kyphosis |
| is from weak abdominal muscles | Lordosis |
| ____ discs bond vertebrae together, serve as a shock absorber | intervertebral |
| The ______ girdle attatches the upper extremity to the body | Pectoral |
| What are the 3 types of skeletal cartlidge? | Hyaline,Eleastic, and fibrocartlidge |
| ____ Cartlidge provides support, flexibility and resilience. It is the most abundant skeletal cartliage. | Hyaline cartilidge |
| Similar to hyaline cartlige but contains elastic fibers | Elastic cartlidge |
| This Cartlidge is highly compress with great tensile strength, contains collagen fibers | Fibrocartilidge |
| _______ Bones are longer than they are wide. | Long bones |
| _____ Bones are cuber shaped bones of the wrist and ankle. | Short bones |
| _____ Bones are thin, flattened and a bit curved | Flat bones |
| .___ Bones are bones with complicated shapes. | Irregular |
| What are the functions of bones? | Support, protection, movement, Mineral storage, Blood cell formation |
| In regards to bone markings, a rounded projection is? | Tuberosity |
| A narrow, prominent ridge of a bone is? | Crest |
| A large blunt irregular surface is? | Trochanter |
| A narrow ridge of boneis? | A line |
| A small rounded projection is? | A tubercle |
| A raised area above a condyle is? | An epicondyle |
| A shape slender projection is? | A spine |
| Any bony prominence is a? | Process |
| A bony expansion carried on a narrow neck is a? | Head |
| A smooth, nearly flat surface is a ? | Facet |
| A rounded articular projection is? | A condyle |
| An armlike bar of bone is a ? | Ramus |
| A canal like passageway is? | A meatus |
| A cavity within in a bone is? | A sinus |
| A shallow, basin like depression is? | A fossa |
| A furrow is? | A groove |
| A narrow, slitlike opening is a ? | Fissure |
| A round or oval opening through a bone is a? | Foramen |
| What are the 2 types of bone texture? | Compact and spongy |
| The tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones, that is made of compact bone and surrounds the medullary cavity. | Diaphysis |
| The _____ is the expanded ends of long bones, the joint surface is covered with articular cartliage | Epiphyses |
| The double- layered protective membrane covering a bone. | Periosteum |
| The delicate membrane covering the internal surface of a bone. | Endosteum |
| The structural unit of a compact bone is called _________. | Osteon or Haversian system |
| The weight bearing, column like matrix tube composed mainly of collagen is the ______. | Lamella |
| . The central channel containing blood vessels and nerves is the__________. | Central canal |
| __________ Canal is channels laying at right angels to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the harvasian canal. | Volkmanns |
| Mature bone cells are called ________. | Osteocytes |
| Small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes | Lacunae |
| The hairlike canalsthat connect lacunae to each other and the central canal. | Canaliculi |
| Bone- Forming cells are _______. | Osteablasts |
| Large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix | Osteoclasts |
| Unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycan, glycoproteins and collagen. | Osteoid. |
| bone ends retain the normal position in the break. | non displaced |
| Bones ends are out of normal alignment in the break | Displaced |
| Bone is broken all the way through in this break | Complete |
| bone is not broken all the way through in this break. | Incomplete |
| The fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone | Linear |
| The fracture is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone. | Transverse |
| Bone ends penetrate the skin | Simple |
| Bone fragments into 3 or more pieces; common in the elderly | Comminuted |
| Ragged break when bone is excessively twisted | Spiral |
| Broken bone portion pressed inward | Depressed |
| Bone is crushed | Compression |
| Bone are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bone. Pain when weight applied to affected bone. | Osteamalacia |
| . Bones of children are inadequaltely mineralized causing softened weakened bones, bowed legs and deformities of the pelvis, skull and rib cage. | Rickets |
| Group of disease in which bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit. | Osteoporosis |
| Characterized by excessive bone formation and breakdown. | Pagets disease |
| What are the 4 characteristics of muscle fibers? | Excitability, Contractility, extensibility, elasticity. |
| How are muscles named? | Location, action, size, shape, number of heads, origin and instertion, direction of fibers. |
| What are the function of the nervous system? | Sensory input, Motor output, Intergration |
| What allows us to consciously control our skeletal muscles? | The somatic Nervous System |
| Which type of glial cell monitors the health of neurons and can transform into a special type of macrophage to protect endangered neurons? | Microglia |
| What type of glial cell produces the myelin sheathes? | Oligondendrocytes. |
| What PNS neuroglia help to form mylein sheathes around larger nerve fibers in the PNS? | Schwann Cells |
| What are bundles of neurofilaments important in maintaining the shape and integrity of neurons? | Neruofibrils |
| Which of the following is the conducting region of the neuron? | axon |
| Which criteria is used to functionally classify neurons? | Direction nerve impulses travel relative to the CNS |
| Which of the following circuit types is involved in the control of rhythmic activities such as the sleep-wake cycle, breathing, and certain motor activities (such as arm swinging when walking)? | Reverberating circuits |
| Which pattern or neural processing works in a predictable, all-or-nothing manner, where reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli in which a particular stimulus always causes the same response? | Serial Processing |
| That part of the nervous system that is voluntary and conducts impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles is the ________ nervous system. | somatic |
| What type of neuron carries impulses away from the CNS? | Motor |
| ________ are found in the CNS and bind axons and blood vessels to each other | astrocytes |
| Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________. | oligodendrocytes |
| Bipolar neurons are commonly ________ | Found in the retina |
| Ependymal cells ________. | help to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid |
| In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external environment? The interior is ________. | negatively charged and contains less sodium |
| What type of stimulus is required for an action potential to be generated? | A threshold level stimulus |
| Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which cellular gates open? | POTASSIUM |
| What does the difference in the K+ and Na+ concentration on either side of the plasma membrane (and permeability of the membrane to those ions) generate? | Resting membrane potential |
| Where in the neuron is an action potential initually generated? | Axon hillock |
| The depolarization phase of an action potential results from the opening of which channels? | Voltage gated Calcium Channels |
| The repolarization phase of an action potential results from __________. | the opening of voltage-gated K+ channels |
| Hyperpolarization results from __________. | slow closing of voltage-gated K+ channels |
| What is the magnitude (amplitude) of an action potential? | 100MV |
| Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________. | The Myelin Sheath |
| During depolarization, which gradient(s) move(s) Na+ into the cell? | both the electrical and chemical gradients |
Created by:
melcraft91
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