Question | Answer |
most important homeostatic organ in body | kidneys |
where are kidneys | under back muscles just behind pareital peritoneum, just above waist |
which kidney is a little lower | right kidney |
which kidney is a little higher | left kidney |
what protects the kidneys | ribs, fat, and back muscles |
outer layer of kidneys | cortex |
inner portion of kidneys | medulla |
triangular division of medulla in kidney | pyramids |
narrow, innermost end of pyramid in kidney | papilla |
expansion of upper end of ureter inside kidney | pelvis |
division of renal pelvis | calyces |
microscopic units of kidneys | nephrons |
parts of nephron renal corpuscle | bowmans capsule, glomerulus |
parts of nephron renal tubule | proximal and distal convuluted tubules, loop of henle, collecting tubule |
more than ____ total blood pumped by heart each minute enters the kidneys | 20% |
functions of kidneys | excrete toxins and nitrogenous (urea, ammonia) wastes, regulate chemical levels in blood, maintain water balance |
kidneys help regulate blood pressure by | secretion of renin |
hormone that constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure | renin |
absence of urine | anuria |
small amounts of urine | oliguria |
large amounts of urine | polyuria |
normal urine output each day | 1500-1600 mL |
normal urine output each hour | 60 mL |
processes to form urine | filtration, reabsorption, secretion |
where does urine formation occur | in nephron |
process continually goes on in renal corpuscle | filtration |
movement of substances out of renal tubules | reabsorption |
movement of substances into urine | secretion |
anti-diuretic hormone, controls urinary volume by decreasing it | ADH |
narrow, long tubes with expanded upper end inside kidney and lined with mucous membrane | ureters |
ureters are located in | renal pelvis |
function of ureter | drain urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder |
elastic, greatly expandable muscular organ lined with mucous membrane | urinary bladder |
function of urinary bladder | storage of urine, voiding of urine |
why is trigone portion of urinary bladder different | has no rugae |
narrow tube from urinary bladder to exterior, lined with mucous membrane | urethra |
opening of urethra to exterior | urinary meatus |
function of urethra | passage of urine from bladder to exterior, also moves semen in men |
passage of urine from body | micturition |
types of regulatory sphincters | internal and external urethral |
involuntary regulatory sphincter | internal urethral sphincter |
voluntary regulatory sphincter | external urethral sphincter |
function of regulatory sphincters | seals off bladder for urine accumulation |
amount of urine an average adult can hold | 600 mL |
permits urine storage with minimal increase in pressure | bladder wall |
urine produced but not voided | urinary retention |
no urine produced but bladder is normal | urinary suppression |
urine is voided involuntarily, may be caused by injury, stroke; urine retention can also cause | incontinence |
bladder infection, buildup of bacteria can spread and cause kidney infection | cystitis |
interstitial cystitis, need for frequent urination; amounts voided are small and extreme urgency and pain are common | overactive bladder |