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Chapter thirteen
review words nervous system, eye, and ear
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| arachon/o | spider |
| cerebr/o | cerebrum; brain |
| crani/o | cranium; skull |
| dendr/o | branching; dendrite |
| encephal/o | brain |
| gli/o | neuroglia; nerve cell |
| hydr/o | water; fluid |
| myel/o | spinal cord (also bone marrow) |
| neur/o | nerve |
| olig/o | few; diminished |
| quardr/i | four |
| thec/o | sheath |
| thromb/o | clot |
| vascul/o | blood vessels |
| ventricul/o | ventricle |
| The largest section of the brain that controls consciousness, memory, sensations, emotions, and voluntary movement? | cerebrum |
| What attaches the brain to the brain stem? | cerebellum |
| The area of the brain that provides nerve conduction pathways to and from the brain? | midbrain |
| What is pons | literally means "bridge"; nerve cells cross from one side of the brain to control the opposite side of the body |
| medulla oblongata | lowest section of the brain stem |
| thalamus | relays nerve impulses to and from the cerebral cortex and the sense organs of the body |
| hypothalamus | thermostat of the body |
| corpus callosum | structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain |
| olfactory nerve | transmits sensory impulses necessary for the sense of smell |
| optic nerve | tranmits sonsory impluses necessary for sight |
| oculomotor nerve | transmits impluses necessary for eye movement |
| trochlear nerve | transmits impulses necessary for eye movement and eye muscle sensations |
| trigeminal nerve | transmits impulses necessary for chewing and facial sensations |
| abducens nerve | transmits impulses necessary to turn the eyeball outward or away from the misline |
| facial nerve | transmits impulses to the scalp, forehead,eyelids, cheek, jaw, and other facial muscles |
| acoustic nerve | transmits impulses necessary for hearing and balance, also called the auditory nerve |
| glossopharyngeal nerve | transmits necessary for taste, some sensations from the viscera, secretions from some glands |
| vagus nerve | transmits impulses necessary for speech, swallowing, and some head and shoulder movements |
| hypoglossal nerve | tranmits impulses necessary for swallowing and moving the tongue |
| Alzheimer disease | progressive, extremely debilitating deterioration of an individual's intellectual functioning |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | severe weakening and wasting of various muscle groups due to loss of motor neuron function in the brain stem and spinal cord |
| anencephaly | congenital ansence of the brain and, in some cases, the spinal cord |
| ataxia | lacking muscular coordination, escpecially voluntary muscle movement |
| bell palsy | weakness or paralysis of the muscles of one side of the face |
| cephalagia | pain in the ; headache |
| cerebral aneurysm | dilation of a cerebral artery that might put pressure on cerebral tissue and interfere with cerebral function |
| cerebral hemorrhage | bursting forth of blood into cerebral tissue due to rupture of cerebral vessel |
| cerebral palsy | lack of voluntary muscle control and/or coordination caused by a lack of oxygen to the brain at or near the time of birth |
| cerebral thrombosis | presence of an athrosclerotic clot in a cerebral blood vessel that causes death of a specific portion of brain tissue |
| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | stroke |
| chiari malformation | structural defect characterized by portions of the cerebellum extending doenward through the foramen magnum |
| concussion | violent, jarring, shaking, or other blunt non repenetrating injury to the brain |
| contusion | small venous hemorrhages in the brain caused by the brain striking the cranium |
| dementia | progessive, irreversible deterioration of memory, judgement, and other thought processes |
| encephalitis | inflammation of the brain |
| encephalomalacia | softening of the brain |
| encephalopathy | any disease of the brain |
| epidural hematoma | a swelling or mass of blood between the cranium and dura mata that applies pressure to the brain tissue in the affected area |
| epilepsy | recurring episodes of excessive irregular electrical activity of the central nervous system |
| intractable epilepsy | resistant to treatment with medication |
| glimoa | malignant tumor of neuroglial cells |
| guillain- barre syndrome | acute inflammation of several nerves f the peripheral nervous system characterized by symmetrical pain and weakness of the extremities |
| hemiparesis | partial paralysis of one side of the body |
| hemiplegia | paralysis of one side of the body |
| huntington disease | genetic disorder characterized by progressive, irreversible degeneration of cerebral neurons that results in uncontrolled movements |
| hydrocephalus | abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid around the brain |
| meningioma | slow growth tumor |
| meningitis | infection or inflammation of the membranes covering the brain or spinal cord |
| meningocele | herniation of the meninges through a hole in the skull or vertebral column |
| meningomyelocele | herniation of the spinal cord and menings through a defect in the vertral column |
| multiple sclerosis | degenerative inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that attacks the myelin sheath of the spinal cord and brain |
| myelomalacia | abnormal softening of the spinal cord |
| neuralgia | severe sharp pain in the nerve or along the course of a nerve |
| neuritis | inflammation of nerve or nerves |
| neuroblastoma | highly malignant tumor composed of cells derived from embryonic neural tissue, usualy occurs in young children |
| neuropathy | any disease of the nerves |
| paraplegia | paralysis of the lower half of the body, including the legs |
| parkinson disease | chronic, progressive nervous disease characterized by tremor, muscular weakness, and rigidity |
| poliomyelitis | infectious viral disease that affects the motor (efferent) neurons of the brain and spinal cord, resulting in muscle paralysis and wasting |
| polyneuritis | inflammation of many nerves or nerve fibers |
| postpolio syndrome | slow prograssive weakening of muscles that occurs in approximately 25% of poliomyelitis survivors 20-30 years after the initial illness |
| quadriplegia | paralysis of all four limbs, usually resulting from spinal cord injury |
| reye syndrome | acute encephalopathy following an acute viral infection |
| sciatica | severe pain along the course of the sciatic nerve, from the back of the thich and down the inside of the leg |
| seizure | excessive irregular electrical activity of the central nervous system associated with epilepsy |
| shingles; herpes zoster | acute viral infection characterized by an inflammation of a spinal or cranial nerve pathway that prodices painful vesicular eruptions on the skin |
| subdural hematoma | collection of blood below the dura mater and above the arachnoid membrane, usually the results of a closed head injury |
| syncope | loss of conciousness due to a lack of blood supply to the brain; fainting |
| transient ischemic | temporary interference of interruption of the blood supply to a portion of the brain |
| trigeminal neuralgia; tic douloureaux | severe pain that radiates along the fifth crainial nerve adn usually affects on side of the head or face |
| cerebrospinal fuild analysis | laboratory analysis of cerebraospinal fuild |
| cranitomy | incision into the skull to provide access to the brain or to relieve intracranial pressure |
| echoencephalography | process of recording a picture of the structures of the brain using sound waves |
| electroencephalogram | graphic record of the electrical activity of the brain |
| electroencephalography (EEG) | process of recording the electrical activity of the brain |
| evoked potential studies | electroencephalographic test that measures the brain activity in response to various types of electrical stimulation |
| lumbar puncture | insertion of a needlw into the subaracnoid space, usually between the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae, to withdraw cerebrospinal fluid |
| myelography | process of recording an x-ray picture of the spinal cord and spinal cavity |
| myelogram | x-ray record of the spinal cord and spinal cavity |
| neuroctomy | surgical excision of a nerve of nerve fibers |
| pneumoencephalography | process of recording an x-ray pictre of the ventricles and other fuild cilld cavities of the central nervous system; air and another type of gas is ised as the contrast medium |
| romberg test | technique used to assess and evualate cerebellar functioin and balance |
| transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) | pain-relief treatment during which electrical impulses are delivered through the skin to nerve endings near the pain site; the impulses prevent the transmission of pain signals to the brain |
| ALS | amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
| ANS | autonomic nervous system |
| CNS | central nervous system |
| CP | cerebral palsy |
| CSF | cerebrospinal fluid |
| CVA | cerebrovascular accident |
| EEG | electroencephalography |
| HD | huntington disease |
| ICP | intracranial pressure |
| LP | lumbar puncture |
| MS | multiple sclerosis |
| PEG | pneumoencephalography |
| PNS | peripheral nervous system |
| PPS | postpolio syndrom |
| SNS | somatic nervous system |
| TENS | transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation |
| TIA | transient ischemic attack |
| aque/o | watery |
| blast/o | immature |
| blephar/o | eyelid |
| conjunctiv/o | conjuntiva |
| corne/o | cornea |
| dacry/o | tears |
| dacrycyst/o | tear sac |
| dipl/o | double |
| fund/o | fundus; base |
| glauc/o | sliver; gray |
| ir/o; irid/o | iris |
| kerat/o | cornea |
| lacrim/o | tears |
| ocul/o | eye |
| ophthalm/o | eye |
| opt/o | eye; vision |
| palpebr/o | eyelid |
| phac/o; phak/o | lens |
| phot/o | light |
| pupill/o | pupil |
| retin/o | retina |
| scler/o | sclera; hard |
| uve/o | uvea |
| vitre/o | glassy; jelly-like |
| ect- | outside; out |
| en-; eso- | in;inward |
| ex- | out; outward |
| presby- | aging; old |
| -metry | to measure |
| -opia | vision |
| -tropia; -tropin | to turn; turning |
| astigmatism | a refractive error causing light rays to be focused irregulary on the retina to an abnormally shaped cornea |
| blepharitis | inflammation of eyelids |
| blepharoptosis | drooping of an eyelid |
| cataract | progressive cloudiness of the crystalline lens |
| chalazion | cyst or nodule on the eyelid as a result of an obstructed meibomian gland |
| color blindness | inability to recognize or "see" certain colors |
| conjunctivits | inflammation of the conjunctiva; commly called pinkeye |
| dacryocystitis | inflammation of the tear sac or lacrimal sac |
| detached retina | seperation of the retina from the choroid layer of the eye |
| diabetic retinopathy | disease of the retina and its cappillaries caused by long-standing and usually poorly controlled diabetes mellitus |
| diplopia | double vision; may be in on or both eyes |
| ectropion | turning outward of the eyelash margins, usually affects the lower eyelid |
| entropion | turning inward of the eyelash margins, usually affects the lower eyelid |
| esotropia | inward turning of the eyes; also known as convergent strabismus; commonly called cross-eyed |
| exophthalmia | abonromal protrusion of the eyeball(s) |
| exotropia | outward turning of the eyes; also known as divergent strabismus; commly called walleye |
| glaucoma | increased intraocular pressure |
| hordeolum | baterical infection of an eyelash follicle or sebaceuos gland; commonly called a sty |
| hyperopia | impaired vision of close objuects; light rays focus beyond the retina; commonly called farsightedness |
| iritis | inflammation on the iris |
| keratitis | inflammation of the cornea |
| myopia | impaired vision of distant objects; light rays focus in front of the retima; commonly called nearsightedness |
| nyctalopia | impaired or inadequate vision at night; commonly called night blindness |
| nystagmus | involuntary movements of the eye(s), which my or may not be apparent to the individual |
| ophthamia neonatorum | inflammation of the conjunctiva of a newborn caused by irritaion, a blocked tear duct, or a bacterial or viral infection contracted as the infant passes through the birth canal |
| photophobia | abnormal sensitivity to light |
| photoretinitis | damage or inflammation of the retina due to excessive exposure to light |
| presbyopia | impaired vision due to again |
| pterygium | irregular growth and thickening of the conjunctiva on the nasal side of the cornea |
| retinitis pigmentosa | degenerative disease of the retina withour inflammation that results in defective night vision and a decreased field of vision |
| retinoblastoma | malignant tumor of the retina |
| sclerokeratitis | inflammation of the sclera and cornea |
| strabismus | inability of the eyes to gaze in the direction because of weakness of the eye muscles |
| trachoma | chronic, contagious form od conjunctivitis characterized by hypertrophy of the conjunctiva |
| uveitis | inflammation of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid |
| blepharoplasty | surgical repair of plastic surgery of the eyelid |
| corneal transplant | surgical transplantation of a donar cornea into the eye of a recipient |
| cryoextraction of the lens | removal of the crystalline lens with a cooling probe |
| enucleation of the eye | removal of the eye from the orbit |
| extracapsular cataract extraction | removal of the crystalline lens and the anterior segment of the lens capsule |
| funduscopy | examination of the posterior inner part of the eye, known as the fundus, using an ophthalmoscope |
| intraocular lens implant | surgical implantation of a crystalline lens; usually done at the same time as a cataract extraction |
| iridectomy | excision of a section of the iris |
| keratoplasty | surgical repair of the cornea characterized by the excision of the opaque section of the cornea |
| laser in situ keratomileusis | procedure to correct vision problems, especially myopia, n=by removing tissue and permanently changing the shape of the cornea |
| ophthalmoscopy | examination of the interior of the eye |
| phacoemulsifaction | breaking the crystalline lens or its cataract into timy particles that can be removed by suction or aspiration |
| photorefractive keratectmony | surgical removal of corneal surface cells to correct or redice myopia |
| radial keratotomy | spoke-like incisions into the cornea to correct nearsightedness |
| retinal photocoagulation | laser surgery of the retina to correct retinal detachment and prevent hemorrhage of retinal blood vessels |
| scleral buckling | repair of retinal detachment by resecting of folding in the sclera |
| trabeculectomy | surgical excision of a portion of corneal and scleral tissue to decrease intraocular pressure |
| trabeculoplasty | surgical creation of a permanent fistula to drain excess aqueous humor from the anterior chamber of the eye in order to relieve the intraocular pressure associsted with glaucoma |
| vitrectomy | surgical removal of all or part of the vitreous humor |
| ECCE | extracapsular cataract extraction |
| EOM | extraocular movement |
| ICCE | intracapsular cataract extraction |
| IOL | intraocular lens |
| IOP | intraocular pressure |
| LASIK | laser in situ keratomileusis |
| OD | right eye (oculus dexter) |
| OS | left eye (oculus sinister) |
| OU | each eye (oculus uterque) |
| PERRLA | pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation |
| PRK | photorefracrtive keratectomy |
| REM | rapid eye movement |
| RK | radial keratotomy |
| VA | visual acuity |
| VF | visual field |
| acoust/o | hearing |
| audi/o | hearing; sound |
| cochle/o | cochlea |
| labyrinth/o | ineer ear labyrinth |
| laryng/o | larynx |
| myc/o | fungus |
| myring/o | eardrum; tympanic membrane |
| ot/o | ear |
| rhin/o | nose |
| staped/o | stapes; middle ear bones |
| tympan/o | eardrum; tympanic membrane |
| presby- | old; aging |
| -algia | pain |
| -cusis; -cusia | hearing |
| -metry | to measure |
| -plasty | surgical repair |
| -(r)rhea | flow; discharge |
| acoutic neuroma | benign tumor of the acoustic nerve |
| chlesteaoma | clow groth cystic mass or tumor made up of epithelial cell debris and cholestrol |
| conductive deafness | hearing loss caused by impaired transmission of sound waves through the middle or external ear |
| impacted cerumen | excessive accumulation of cerumen (earwax) |
| labyrinthitis | inflammation of infection of the labyrinth or inner ear |
| meniere disease | chronic inner ear disease characterized by vertigo, sensorial hearing loss, and tinnitus; vomiting, and sweating may also be present |
| myringitis | inflammation of the tympanic membrane (eardrum) |
| otalgia | pain in the ear; earache |
| otitis externa | inflammation of the external ear canal; commonly called swimmer's ear |
| otitis media | infection and inflammation of the middle ear; commonly called a middle ear infection |
| otomycosis | fungal infection of the external auditory meatus (opening) |
| otorrhea | discharge or drainage from the ear |
| otosclerosis | hereditary condition characterized by irregular ossification of the bones of the middle ear, especially the stpes, causing tinnitus and deafness |
| perforation of the tympanic membrane | rupture of development of holes in the eardrum |
| presbycusis | impaired hearing related to the aging process |
| sensorineural deafness | loss of hearing resulting from impaired or damaged auditory nerve cells or tissue |
| serous otitis media | middle ear infection characterized by an accumulation of serous fluid and air bubbles behind the tympanic membrane |
| suppurative otitis media | middle ear infection characterized by an accumulation of purulent (pus-filled) fluid behind the tympanic membrane; symptoms might include dizziness and tinnitus |
| tinnitus | ringing or tinkling sensation in the ears |
| tympanitis | inflammation of the tympanic membrane; often associated with otitis media |
| vertigo | sensation of spinning or dizziness, usually a result of a disturbance of equilibrium |
| audiogram | graphic record of hearin |
| audiometry | measuring the sense of hearing |
| myringoplasty | syrgical repair of the tympanic membrane |
| myringotomy | incision into the tympanic membrane |
| myringotomy and tubes | incision into the tympanic membrane and insertion of tubes to allow drainage of fluid that might accumulate behind the eardrum |
| otoplasty | surgical repair of one or both of the ears; usually refers to repair of the outer ear |
| rinne test | hearing examintaion that compares bone and air conduction of sound waves using a vibrating tuning fork |
| stapedectomy | excision of the stapes |
| tympanoplasty | surgical repair of the tympanic membrane |
| tympanotomy | incision in the tympanic membrane |
| weber test | examination of auditory acuity to determine whether a hearing deficit is conductive or sensorineural |
| AC | air conduction |
| AD | right ear (auris dextra) |
| AS | left ear (auris sinistra) |
| AU | each ear (auris unitas) |
| BC | bone conduction |
| BOM | bilateral otitis media |
| EENT | eyes, ears, nose, throat |
| ENT | ears, nose, throat |
| TM | tympanic membrane |
Created by:
jgordonfan2488
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