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A&P KESIC
Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Homeostasis is what? | the goal of physiological regulation and the key to survival in a changing environment. |
| Physiology is the study of what? | function of anatomical structures, individual, and cooperative functions. |
| What is another name for gross anatomy? | macroscopic anatomy |
| Systemic anatomy is what? | organ systems |
| Developmental anatomy is what? | from conception to death |
| Regional anatomy is what? | body areas |
| Clinical anatomy is what? | medical specialities |
| Microscopic anatomy examines what? | cells and molecules |
| Cytology is the study of what? | cells and their structures |
| Histology is the study of what? | tissues and their structures |
| Cell physiology is what? | processes within and between cells |
| Organ physiology is what? | functions of specific organs |
| Systemic physiology is what? | functions of an organ system |
| Pathological physiology is what? | effects of diseases |
| Structure defines what? | function |
| Atoms are the smallest what? | chemical units |
| Molecules are a group of what? | atoms working together |
| Cells are what? | a group of atoms, molecules, and organelles working together |
| A tissue is what? | a group of similar cells working together |
| A organ is what? | a group of different tissues working together |
| An organ system is what? | a group of organ working together |
| Humans have how many organ systems? | 11 |
| A human is what? | an organism |
| What are the organ systems? (12) | Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Male Reproductive, & Female Reproductive. |
| What are integumentary's major organs? | skin, hair, sweat glands, and nails. |
| What is the function of the integumentary system? | protects against environmental hazards, helps regulate body temp., and provides sensory information. |
| What are skeletal system's major organs? | bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, and bone marrow. |
| What is the function of the skeletal system? | provides support and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and other materials, and forms blood cells. |
| What are the muscular system's major organs? | skeletal muscles and associated tendons |
| What is the function of the muscular system? | provides movement, provides protection and support for other tissues, and generates heat that maintains body temp. |
| What are the nervous system's major organs? | brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs. |
| What is the function of the nervous system? | directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates or moderates activities of other organs, and provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions. |
| What are the endocrine system's major organs? | pituitary gland, pancreas, gonads, thyroid gland, adrenal gland. |
| What is the function of the endocrine system? | directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems, adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body, and controls many structural and functional changes during development. |
| What are the major organs of the cardiovascular system? | heart, blood, and blood vessels. |
| What is the function of the cardiovascular system? | distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. AND distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature. |
| What are the major organs of the lymphatic system? | spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils. |
| What is the function of the lymphatic system? | defends against infection and disease AND returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream. |
| What are the major organs of respiratory system? | nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli. |
| What is the function of the respiratory system? | delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs), provides oxygen to bloodstream, removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream, and produces sounds for communication. |
| What are the major organs of the digestive system? | teeth, tongue, pharynx, stomach, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. |
| What is the function of the digestive system? | processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water, absorbs nutrients, and stores energy reserves. |
| What are the major organs of the urinary system? | kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. |
| What is the function of the urinary system? | excretes waste products from blood, controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced, stores urine prior to voluntary elimination, and regulates blood ion concentration and pH. |
| What are the major organs of the male reproductive system? | testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, and scrotum. |
| What is the function of the male reproductive system? | produces male sex cells (sperm), suspending fluids, and hormones AND sexual intercourse. |
| What are the major organs of the female reproductive system? | ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, and mammary glands. |
| What is the function of the female reproductive system? | produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones, supports developing embryo from conception to delivery, provides milk to nourish newborn infant, and sexual intercourse. |
| Homeostasis is what? | all body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment. |
| Autoregulation (intrinsic) is what? | automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change. |
| Extrinsic regulation is what? | responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems. |
| Functions of body cavities? | protects organs from accidental shocks and permit changes in size and shape of internal organs. |
| Serous membranes line what? | body cavities and cover organs. |
| The serous membrane contains two layers what are they? | parietal layer and visceral layer. |
| The parietal layer of the serous membrane lines what? | cavities. |
| The visceral layer of the serous membrane covers what? | organs. |
| The heart is located where? | within the pericardial cavity. |
| What are the four types of tissue? | epithelial, connective, muscle, neural tissue. |
| Parietal peritoneum lines what? | the internal body wall. |
| Visceral peritoneum covers what? | the organs. |
| Epithelial tissue cover and lines what? | it covers exposed surfaces and lines internal passageways. |
| What does epithelial tissue form? | glands. |
| Epithelial tissue has two types of cells what are they? | epithelial and gland cells. |
| Connective tissue fills what? | internal spaces. |
| Connective tissue does what? | transports materials and stores energy. |
| Muscle tissue is specialized for? | contraction. |
| Muscle tissue consists of what muscles? | skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and walls of hollow organs. |
| Neural tissue carries what? | electrical signals from one part of the body to another. |
| Glands are structures that produce what? | secretions. |
| What are the characters of epithelia? | cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascularity, and regeneration. |
| Apical is top or bottom layer? | top |
| Basal is the top or bottom layer? | bottom |
| What are the functions of epithelial tissue? | provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, produce secretions |
| Microvilli do what? | increase absorption or secretion. |
| Cilia do what? | move fuild |
| Intercellular connections do what? | support and communicate through gap junctions. |
| CAMs and hyaluronan are? | the concrete that holds the cells (membranes) together. |
| What are the different kinds of junctions? | tight, gap, and desmosomes. |
| Tight junctions are between what? | two plasma membranes. |
| Tight junctions prevents what? | passage of water and solutes. |
| Tight junctions isolate what? | wastes in the lumen. |
| Tight junction has what? | a adhesion belt that attaches to terminal web. |
| Gap junctions allow what? | rapid communication. |
| Gap junctions are held together by what? | channel proteins |
| Gap junctions allow what to pass? | ions. |
| Gap junctions coordinate what? | contractions in heart muscle. |
| Desmosomes have two types what are they? | Spot and hemidesmosomes. |
| Spot desmosomes tie what together? | cells. |
| Spot desmosomes allow what? | bending and twisting. |
| Hemidesmosomes attach cells to what? | to the basal lamina. |
| Basement membrane has two layers what are they? | clear layer and dense layer. |
| Clear layer is also called what? | lamina lucida. |
| Dense layer is also called what? | lamina densa. |
| What are the classes of epithelia? | shape and layers. |
| Shapes of epithelia cells? | Squamous, cuboidal, columnar. |
| Layers of epithelia cells? | simple and stratified. |
| Simple epithelium is how many layers? | single layer of cells. |
| Stratified epithelium is how many layers? | several layers of cells. |
| Squamous epithelia deals with what? | transport or diffusion. |
| Cuboidal epithelia deals with what? | filtration. |
| Columnar epithelia is what? | sturdy. |
| What are the subparts of squamous epithelia? | simple squamous epithelium, mesothelium, endothelium, and stratified squamous epithelium. |
| Simple squamous epithelium does what? | absorption and diffusion. |
| Mesothelium lines what? | body cavities. |
| Endothelium lines what? | heart and blood vessels. |
| The stratified squamous epithelium protects against what? | attacks. |
| What are the subparts of cuboidal epithelia? | simple cuboidal epithelium and stratified cuboidal epithelia. |
| Simple cuboidal epithelium does what? | secretion and absorption. |
| Stratified cuboidal epithelia is what? | sweat ducts and mammary ducts. |
| What are the subparts of columnar epithelia? | simple columnar epithelium, pseudostratified epithelium, and stratified columnar epithelium. |
| Simple columnar epithelium does what? | secretion and absorption. |
| Pseudostratified columnar epithelium deals with what? | cilia movement. |
| Stratified columnar epithelium does what? | protection. |
| Glandular Epithelia have two parts what are they? | endocrine and exocrine glands. |
| Endocrine glands release what? | hormones. |
| Endocrine glands have no what? | ducts. |
| Endocrine glands are highly what? | vascular. |
| Exocrine glands produce what? | secretions. |
| Exocrine glands produce secretions through what? | ducts. |
| What are the modes of secretions? | merocrine, apocrine, holocrine secretions. |
| Goblet cells are what? | to lubricate; to trap pathogens and particles. |
| Cilia are what? | hair like extensions of their apical surface. |
| Cilia are capable of what? | of pulsatile beating. |
| In cilia, the wafting effect requires what? | mucus. |
| Merocrine secretion are produced in what? | in golgi apparatus. |
| Merocrine secretion are released by what? | vesicles (exocytosis). |
| An example of merocrine secretion is what? | sweat glands. |
| Apocrine secretion are produced in what? | the golgi apparatus. |
| Apocrine secretion are released by what? | shedding cytoplasm. |
| Merocrine secretion the cell is what? | the whole cell is intact. |
| An example of apocrine secretion is what? | mammary glands. |
| In merocrine secretion the cell is what? | parts of the cell is lost in the apical surface. |
| Holocrine secretion is released by what? | cells bursting, killing gland cells. |
| In the holocrine secretion the gland cells are replaced with what? | stem cells. |
| An example of holocrine secretion is what? | sebaceous glands. |
| In the holocrine secretion the cell is what? | the whole cell is destroyed. |
| The holocrine secretion secretes what? | oily solutions. |
| What are the types of secretions? | serous glands, mucous glands, and mixed exocrine glands. |
| Serous glands are what? | watery secretions. |
| Watery secretions are what? | sweat and tears. |
| Mucous glands secrete what? | mucins. |
| Mixed exocrine glands are? | both serous and mucous. |
| Relationship between ducts and glandular areas are what? | branched; several secretory areas sharing one duct. |
| Glands are? | made a liquid, secreted it, and it travels through a duct. |
| Duct is what? | a structure; doesn't do anything. |
| What are the characteristics of connective tissue? | specialized cells, solid extracellular protein fibers, and fluid extracellular ground substance. |
| What makes up the matrix? | the extracellular components of connective tissue (fibers and ground substance). |
| What are the functions of connective tissue? | establishing a structural framework for the body, transporting fluids and dissolved materials (ions), protecting organs, storing energy, and defending the body from invading microorganisms. |
| What are the three classifications of connective tissue? | connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissues, and supporting connective tissues. |
| Connective tissue proper do what? | connect and protect. |
| Fluid connective tissues do what? | transport. |
| Supporting connective tissues have what? | structural strength (bones and cartilage). |
| What are the subparts of connective tissue proper? | loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue. |
| Loose connective tissue are what? | more ground substance and have fewer fibers. |
| An example of loose connective tissue is what? | fat. |
| Dense connective tissue has what? | more fibers and less ground substance. |
| An example of dense connective tissue is what? | tendons. |
| What are some of the cell populations of connective tissue proper? | Fibroblasts, fibrocyte, adipocyte, mesenchymal cells, and melanocytes. |
| What are the connective tissue fibers? | collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers. |
| All the connective tissue fibers are secreted by what? | fibroblasts. |
| An example of collagen fibers are? | tendons and ligaments. |
| Reticular fibers are what? | a network of interwoven fibers (stroma). |
| Reticular fibers stabilize what? | functional cells and structure. |
| An example of reticular fibers are what? | sheaths around organs. |
| Elastic fibers contain what? | elastin. |
| An example of elastic fibers are what? | elastic ligaments of vertebrae. |
| Ground substance fill spaces where? | between cells. |
| Ground substance does what? | slows down movement. |
| Embryonic connective tissue is not found in? | adults. |
| What are the three types of loose connective tissue in adults? | areolar, adipose, reticular. |
| Loose connective tissues are? | the packing materials of the body. |
| Areolar tissue holds what? | blood vessels and capillary beds. |
| What are the two types of adipose tissue? | white and brown fat. |
| White fat is only found in who? | adults. |
| Brown fat is only found in who? | infants and babies. |
| White fat stores what and absorbs what? | stores fat and absorbs shock. |
| White fat slows down what? | heat loss (insulation). |
| Brown fat is more? | vascularized. |
| Where does brown fat absorb energy from? | surrounding tissues. |
| When do adipocytes not divide? | in adults. |
| Reticular tissue provides what? | support. |
| What are the reticular organs? | spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow. |
| What are the three types of dense connective tissue? | dense regular connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, and elastic tissue. |
| Dense regular connective tissue are tightly packed and? | parallel collagen fibers. |
| Tendons attach what to what? | muscles to bones. |
| Ligaments connect what to what and do what? | bone to bone and stabilize organs. |
| Aponeuoses attach in what? | sheets to large, flat muscles. |
| Dense irregular connective tissue forms what? | capsules around some organs such as the liver and kidneys. |
| Dense irregular connective tissue can be found where? | around cartilages and bones. |
| Elastic tissue is what? | dense regular connective tissue dominated by elastic fibers. |
| Fluid connective tissues carry specific cell types what are they? | red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. |
| What are the fluid elements of connective tissues? | plasma, interstitial fluid, and lymph. |
| Sharks don't get cancer because? | they are all cartilage. |
| Proteoglycan are derived from where? | chondroitin sulfates. |
| Condrocytes (cartilage cells) are surrounded by what? | lacunae. |
| Condrocytes produce what? | antiangiogensis factor. |
| Chondroblasts are what? | baby cartilage cells. |
| Interstitial growth is for who? | children. |
| Appositional growth is for who and does what? | adolescents and repairs. |
| What are types of cartilages? | hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. |
| Hyaline cartilage reduces what? | friction between bones. |
| Hyaline cartilage is found in what? | synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, and trachea. |
| Elastic cartilage is what? | supportive but bends easily. |
| Elastic cartilage is found in what? | external ear and epiglottis. |
| Fibrocartilage limits what? | movement. |
| Fibrocartilage prevents what? | bone-to-bone contact. |
| Fibrocartilage pads what? | knee joints. |
| Fibrocartilage is found where? | between pubic bones and intervertebral dics. |
| What are the four types of membranes? | mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial membranes. |
| Mucous membranes are found where? | in the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. |
| Mucous membranes line what? | passageways that have external connections. |
| Lamina propria is what? | areolar tissue. |
| Serous membranes line what? | cavities not open to the outside. |
| Serous membranes have what to reduce friction? | fluid transudate. |
| What are the three serous membranes? | pleura, peritoneum, pericardium. |
| Pleura covers what? | lungs. |
| Peritoneum covers what? | abdominal organs. |
| Pericardium covers what? | the heart. |
| Synovial membranes protect what? | the ends of bones. |
| Fascia is what? | the body's framework of connective tissue. |
| What are the three types of fasciae? | Superficial, deep, and subserous. |
| The integument system is what? | the largest system in the body. |
| The integument system is made up of two parts what are they? | cutaneous membrane and accessory structures. |
| What are the two components of the cutaneous membrane? | outer epidermis and inner dermis. |
| Accessory structures originate from where? | the dermis. |
| Hypodermis is below what? | the dermis. |
| What are the functions of the skin? | protection of underlying tissues and organs, excretion of salts/water/organic wastes, maintenance of body temperature, production of melanin, production of keratin, synthesis of vitamin D, storage of lipids, and detection of touch/pressure/pain/and temp. |
| What are the cells of the epidermis (strata)? | keratinocytes. |
| What are the five structures of the epidermis? | stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, straum lucidum, and stratum corneum. |
| The stratum basale is attached to what? | basement membrane by hemidesmosomes. |
| The stratum basale forms what? | epidermal ridges (fingerprints) |
| Dermal papillae is what? | tiny mounds. |
| Dermal papillae do what? | increase the area of basement membrane and strengthen attachment between epidermis and dermis. |
| Merkel cells are what kind of cells? | sensory cells. |
| What are the specialized cells of stratum basale? | merkel and melanocytes. |
| Merkel cells are found where? | in hairless skin. |
| Stratum Granulosum: the cells do what in this layer? | they die. |
| Keratin is where and helps with what? | covers over the cell and helps with water proofing. |
| The stratum lucidum is only found where? | in thick skin. |
| The stratum lucidum is also called? | the clear layer. |
| The stratum corneum is also called what? | the horn layer. |
| Stratum corneum is the? | thickest layer. |
| What is a hallmark feature in the stratum corneum? | keratinization. |
| Sensible perspiation is when you? | sense it. |
| Insensible perspiration is what? | interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through the stratum corneum. |
| Melanin is the? | darker pigment. |
| What are the two pigments that influences skin color? | carotene and melanin. |
| Carotene is what color pigment? | orange-yellow pigment. |
| Carotene accumulates where? | in epidermal cells and fatty tissues of the dermis. |
| Carotene helps with what? | photoreceptors in the eye. |
| Melanin is what color pigment? | yellow-brown or black pigment. |
| Melanin is produced by what? | melanocytes in stratum basale. |
| Melanin are stored where? | in transport vesicles. |
| Melanin is transferred to what? | keratinocytes. |
| Melanin are located just above what? | the basement membrane. |
| The difference in color is how productive what is? | melanin is. |
| What are the function of melanocytes? | protects skin from sun damage. |
| UV radiation causes what? | DNA mutations and burns that lead to cancer and wrinkles. |
| What is MSH? | melanocyte stimulating hormone. |
| Pituitary tumor is when you have what? | excess MSH. |
| Addison's disease is a disease of what? | the pituitary gland. |
| Addison's disease affects the skin how? | darkens it. |
| Vitiligo is what? | loss of melanocytes and loss of color. |
| Calcitriol helps absorb what? | calcium. |
| Insufficient vitamin D can cause what? | rickets. |
| Epidermal cells produce what? | cholecalciferol. |
| What are the functions of epidermal growth factor (EGF)? | promotes division of stem cells, accelerates keratin production, stimulates epidermal repair, and stimulates glandular secretion. |
| What are the two components of the dermis layer? | outer papillary layer and deep reticular layer. |
| Where the dermis located? | between the epidermis and subcutaneous layer. |
| The papillary layer consists of what? | areolar tissue. |
| Papillary layer contains what? | capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons. |
| Reticular layer consists of what? | dense irregular connective tissue. |
| Reticular layer contains what? | larger blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers, collagen, and elastic fibers. |
| Dermatitis is what? | inflammation of the papillary layer. |
| What does dermatitis happen in the papillary layer? | because of the blood supply. |
| What is dermatitis caused by? | infection, radiation, mechanical irritation, or chemicals. |
| What is skin turgor? | properties of flexibility and resilience "due to hydration". |
| Sagging and wrinkles are caused by what? | dehydration, age, hormonal changes, and UV exposure. |
| The hypodermis layer is made up of what? | elastic areolar and adipose tissue. |
| What are the accessory organs? | hair, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nails. |
| What are the two types of sweat glands? | apocrine glands and merocrine glands. |
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danreid
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