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BIO202-CH22-Resp-sys
BIO202 - Ch 22 - Respiratory System - Marieb/Hoehn - RioSalado - AZ
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Respiratory system includes __. | Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, & lungs. |
| Respiratory zone | Actual site of gas exchange - bronchioles, aveolar ducts, alveoli, & microscopic structures. |
| Conducting zone | Rigid conduits for air to reach gas exchange sites. |
| Which organ contains both conducting & respiratory zone structures? | The lungs |
| Under normal resting conditions, arterial blood hemoglobin is __% saturated. | 98 |
| Under normal resting conditions, venous blood hemoglobin is __% saturated. | 75 |
| BPG | 2,3-biphosphoglycerate - binds w/hemoglobin & is produced by RBCs as they break down glucose by anaerobic glycolysis. |
| Bohr effect | Enhances oxygen unloading - declining blood pH (acidosis) & increase Pco2 weakens Hb-O2 bond |
| Cyanosis occurs when Hb saturation falls below __. | 75% |
| Ischemic (stagnant) hypoxia results __. | when blood circulation is impaired or blocked. |
| Cyanide poisioning causes __ hypoxia. | histotoxic - body cells unable to use O2 |
| Hypoxemic hypoxia | Due to abnormal ventilation - perfusion exchange - pulmonary disease - lack of O2 in air. |
| Normal body cells produce __ ml of CO2 each minute. | 200 |
| Pulmonary surfactant | Substance that reduces surface tension of watery film between alveoli - w/o it surface tension can collapse. |
| Carbonic anhydrase | Enzyme in RBCs that catalyze unbound CO2 to carbonic acid - maintains gradient so CO2 leaves fluid & enters blood. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid & CO2 | Bathes medulla - a drop in pH stimulates receptors to change breathing rate. |
| Carotid bodies & aortic bodies | Receptors that detect levels of O2 & CO2 in arterial blood. |
| CO2 is transported primarily as __ in plasma. | bicarbonate ion (HCO3) |
| Haldane effect | The lower the Hb saturation w/oxygen, the more CO2 can be carried in blood. |
| The Haldane effect encourages __ exchange in tissues & lungs. | CO2 |
| Excess H+ is removed by forming __. | carbonic acid - This is the carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system. |
| Slow, shallow breathing allows CO2 to __. | accumulate in blood & blood pH drops |
| Rapid, deep breathing reduces __. | CO2 out of blood & increase pH. |
| Breathing involves neurons in __. | reticular formation of medulla & pons. |
| Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) | Neurons in root of cranial nerve IX - integrates input from stretch & chemoreceptors & communicates w/VRG. |
| Ventral respiratory group (VRG) | Neurons in ventral brain stem - rhythm-generating & integrative center. |
| Average breaths per minute. | 12-15 eupnea |
| What generates gasping during severe hypoxia? | VRG networks |
| Pontine respiratory group | Fine tunes breathing rhythms generated by VRG |
| Respiratory rate is determined by __. | how long inspiratory center is active |
| Most important factors that influence breathing rate & depth. | Levels of CO2, O2 & H+ in arterial blood as sensed by chemoreceptors in medulla - aortic arch & carotid arteries. |
| Arterial Pco2 is normally __ mm Hg. | 40 |
| hypercapnia | pH drops in cerebrospinal fluid - CO2 levels rise in blood. |
| hyperventilation removes __. | CO2 - low CO2 in blood (hypocapnia). |
| Main oxygen sensors | Chemoreceptors in carotid bodies |
| How to get rid of excess acid in blood. | Increase respiratory rate & depth. |
| __ in blood pH inhibits respiration. | Increase |
| The __ modifies respiration rate & depth in response to emotion & temp. | hypothalamus |
| Hering-Breuer reflex (inflation) | Protective response to prevent excessive stretching of lungs. |
| Dyspnea | Air hunger - labored breathing |
| Cystic Fibrosis (CF) | Causes secretion of abnormally thick mucus - air sacs become cysts. |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) | Lung condition - neutrophils secrete chemicals that increase capillary permeability & edema results - often lethal. |
| Adenoidectomy | Surgical removal of an infected pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) |
| Cheyne-Stokes breathing | Abnormal breathing pattern seen just before death - trauma & hypoxia of brain stem & CO2 pressure imbalances in CSF. |
| Endotracheal tube | Thin plastic tube through trachea through nose or mouth - delivers oxygen to patients who are breathing inadequately. |
| Epistaxis | Nosebleed |
| Orthopnea | Inability to breathe in horizontal position. |
| Otorhinolaryngology | Branch of medicine dealing w/diagnosis & treatment of ears, nose & throat. |
| Pulmonary embolism | Obstruction of pulmonary artery by an embolus (blood clot)- chest pain, bloody cough, tachycardia, & rapid, shallow breathing. |
| Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) | Unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant during sleep. |
Created by:
Ladystorm
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