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Fund of Body
Cardiovascular System Chapter 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Arteries carry | oxygenated (O2) blood |
| Arterioles refer to | small arteries |
| Veins carry | deoxygenated blood-contains carbon dioxide(CO2) |
| Venules refer to | small veins |
| Capillaries refer to | microscopic (smallest of) arteries & veins |
| Vasodilation refers to | increased diameter of arteries |
| Vasoconstriction refers to | decreased diameter of arteries |
| vasodilation will cause | hypotension(low blood pressure) |
| vasoconstriction will cause | hypertension(high blood pressure) |
| the body cavity where the heart is housed is called the | thoracic cavity |
| The region directly between the sternum & vertebrae(lateral/side view) is called the | mediastinum |
| The pericardium refers to the | membranous sac around the heart |
| The epicardium refers to the | outer layer of the heart |
| The myocardium refers to the | muscle layer of the heart |
| The endocardium refers to the | inner layer of the heart |
| the chambers of the heart are separated by walls called | septa(plural) septum(singular) |
| Deoxygenated blood(CO2) is returned to the heart via the | venae cavae(plural) (superior & inferior) |
| The superior & inferior venae cavae are the | largest veins in the body |
| The venae cavae(plural) deliver the deoxygenated blood(CO2) to the | right atrium/superior right chamber of the heart |
| From the Right Atrium the deoxygenated blood(CO2) moves through the | tricuspid (3 flaps) valve |
| The tricuspid valve allows the deoxygenated blood(CO2) to enter the | right ventricle/inferior right chamber of the heart |
| The purpose of the tricuspid valve is to prevent the blood from | regurgitating (reflux) |
| the sound caused by valve regurgitation is called a | murmur (bruit) |
| The right ventricle pumps the deoxygenated(CO2) blood through the | pulmonary trunk |
| the valve at the entrance of the pulmonary trunk is the | pulmonary semilunar valve |
| From the pulmonary semilunar valve the deoxygenated blood(CO2) then enters the | right & left pulmonary arteries |
| The pulmonary arteries carry the deoxygenated blood(CO2) to the | lungs-where respiration takes place(exchange of gases O2&Co2) |
| The oxygenated blood(O2) returns from the lungs throught the | pulmonary veins |
| The pulmonary veins deliver the oxygenated blood(O2) to the | left atrium - superior left chamber of the heart |
| From the left atrium the oxygenated blood (O2) then moves through the | bicuspid valve (AKA Mitral Valve) |
| The bicuspid(mitral) valve allows the O2 blood to enter the | left ventricle - inferior left chamber of the heart |
| The purpose of the bicuspid(mitral) valve is to prevent the blood from | regurgitating (reflux) |
| The left ventricle pumps the oxygenated (O2) blood through the | aortic semilunar valve |
| the aortic semilunar valve allows the oxygenated(O2) blood to enter the | Ascending aorta, then to the Aortic arch, then to the Descending Thoracic Aorta, to the Abdominal Aorta. |
| The aorta branches off into arteries, arterioles, and capillaries that will | distribute the oxygen(O2) to the tissues of the body |
| Strands of tendon that anchor the cusps of the bicuspid(Mitral) and tricuspid valves preventing prolapse(hyperextend) are called | chordae tendineae |
| The Carotid arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the | brain |
| The Coronary arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the | myocardium |
| The subclavian arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the | arms & superior thorax(upper chest) |
| The mesenteric(intestine) arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the | intestines |
| the Phrenic arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the | diaphragm -main muscle of ventilation(breathing) |
| The abdominal aorta bifurcates(splits into a Y) into the | iliac arteries |
| The Iliac(pelvis/thigh area)arteries deliver oxygenated(O2) blood to the | pelvis & thighs |
| The femoral arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the | legs |
| Other capillaries, venules, and veins will return the deoxygenated(CO2) blood to the | venae cavae and the circuit is complete |
| The Jugulars drain deoxygenated blood from the | head |
| The saphenous veins drain deoxygenated blood from the | legs |
| The saphenous veins are commonly used for | Coronary Artery Bypass Grafts(CABG) |
| Another vessel used for CABG(Coronary Artery Bypass Grafts) is the | Mammary (breast) artery |
| Heart-lung machine | a machine that respirates the blood when the heart is stopped for surgical procedures. |
| C-reactive protein(CRP) | inflammatory indicator & powerful risk factor for heart disease |
| CPK(CK) & LDH (LD) | enzymes(chemicals) in the blood that indicate muscle damage |
| CPK-MB("isoennzymes" or "isos") | very specific enzymes in the blood that indicate cardiac damage |
| The azygos vein drains deoxygenated blood from the | thorax |
| The median cubital(antecubital) veins are commonly used to perform | phlebotomy(veinipuncture) |
| Blood is necessary to | 1)transport nutrients& water from the digestive tract to all cells of the body 2)transport waste products from the body's cells to the lungs,sweat glands &kidneys for excretion. 3)transport hormones from endocrine glands to target cells&organs in the body |
| Blood is necessary to continued | 4)transport enzymes 2 bodycells in order to regulate chemical processes & reactions.5)Dissipates excess body heat through dilated blood vessels in skin. 6)transport leukocytes & antibodies to defend body against pathogens. |
| Blood is necessary to continued 2 | 7)helps regulate body pH by transporting buffers&amino acids |
| The nutrients that are in blood include | a.Vitamins & minerals used for Chemical process & reactions b.Carbohydrates used for Energy c.Proteins used for growth & repair d.Fats used for vitamin absorption & cellular wall creation |
| Normal blood pH is | 7.35-7.45 |
| Blood pH below 7.35 is considered (low breathing, to much CO2) | acidotic(acidosis) |
| Blood pH above 7.45 is considered (fast breathing, to little CO2) | alkalitic(alkaline,alkalosis or basic |
| An average woman has approximately______ | 5 liters of blood |
| An average man has approximately______ | 6 liters of blood |
| Whole Blood(WB) is made up of: | 1)Erythrocytes AKA red blood cells(RBCs) 2)Leukocytes AKA white blood cells(WBCs) 3)Thrombocytes AKA clot cells or platelets 4)Plasma |
| Erythrocytes are responsible for | respiration - exchange of gases/Carbon dioxide(CO2)& Oxygen(O2) |
| Erythrocytes appear as biconcave disks with edges that are | thicker than the center of the cell |
| Erythrocytes do not have nuclei so they do not have the ability to | divide (replicate) |
| Erythropoiesis means | the formation of erythrocytes and occurs in the red bone marrow AKA myeloid tissue |
| A normal erythrocyte count is | 4-6 million/mm3 |
| Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the | kidneys & is necessary for erythrocyte development(formation-poietin or poiesis) |
| Erythrocytes live for approximately | 120 days(4 month) |
| Erythrocytes die at a rate of | 2,000,000/second |
| Hemolysis means | the break up or destruction of blood(RBCs) |
| Bilirubin is | dead, broken up erythrocytes |
| Hyperbilirubinemia means | a blood condition of excessive bilirubin |
| hyperbilirubinemia causes | jaundice or icterus |
| Jaundice or icterus is a | yellowish, orange discoloration to the skin or sclerae |
| Hyperbilirubinemia can be caused by | liver, gall bladder, or pancreatic dysfunction |
| The blood protein found inside RBCs that is necessary for RBCs to carry O2 & CO2 is called | hemoglobin |
| A normal hemoglobin range is | 12-17 g/dl |
| The element necessary for healthy hemoglobin is called | iron (Fe) |
| food rich in iron(Fe) include | red meat & dark green leafy vegetables |
| Hematocrit ("crit") is the measure of the | packed cell volume(PCV) which is the percentage of blood that is made up of (attributed) erythocytes(RBCs) |
| H&H stands for | hemoglobin(Hgb) & hematocrit (Hct or"crit") |
| MCH stands for | Mean (way of measuring) Cell Hemoglobin |
| MCHC stands for | Mean (way of measuring) Cell Homoglobin Concentration |
| Anemia refers to | erythrocytopenia (deficiency of erythrocytes(RBCs) and/or a deficiency of hemoglobin |
| Leukocytes are part of your | immune response against foreign proteins (Antigen) |
| A normal leukocyte count is | 5,000-11,000 mm3 |
| Leukocytosis is an | elevated leukocyte count (WBCs) |
| Infection can cause a leukocytosis of | 20,000 mm3 |
| Leukopoiesis means | the formation of leukocytes (WBCs) and occurs in the red bone marrow |
| Leukocytes are | a.Monocytes(phagocytes-eating cell), b.Neutrophils(phagocytes), c.Basophils(release histamine&heparin, d.Eosinophils(lessen allergic reactions & increase in # in the event of a parasitical worm infestation(helminths). e.Leukocytes help produce antibodies |
| Phagocytes consume(eat) | antigens (Monocytes & Neutrophils) |
| Histamine triggers the | inflammatory response |
| Heparin prevents | (anticoagulant) clotting & promotes blood flow |
| antibodies are necessary to defeat | viral infection |
| Leukocytopenia means | a deficiency of white cells |
| Leukemia refers to a | blood condition of extreme(to many WBCs) leukocytosis of immature leukocytes(WBCs) |
| Thrombocytes(platelets/clot cells) are needed for proper | coagulation (turn liquid into a solid) |
| a normal thrombocyte count is | 150,000-300,000 mm3 |
| Thrombocytes(platelets/clot cells) ar produced at a rate of | 200,000,000,000/day($200 billion) |
| Thrombopoiesis occurs in the | red bone marrow |
| Hemophilia is a genetic coagulopathy(disease condition of coagulation) caused by a deficience of a | clotting factor |
| thrombus(singular) (thrombi-plural) are | clots |
| embolus(singular) (emboli-plural) are | a floating clot(s) |
| thrombolysis or thrombolytic means | the break up or destruction of clots |
| anticoagulant means | against coagulation(clotting) |
| thrombocytopenia means | a deficiency of platelets(clot cells) |
| thrombocytosis means | an abnormal condition of excessive platelets |
| a bleeding time is a or (INR - International Normalization Ratio) | test to determine a person's ability to coagulate |
| Coagulation panel(profile) consits of | INR(international normalization ratio), prothrombin(PT), platelet count, and bleeding time |
| DIC stands for | Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy (happens when you get many blood transfusions) |
| DIC causes the coagulation process to | collaspe, followed by hypovolemic shock (excanguination/bleed to death) and death |
| Plasma is the | liquid portion of the blood---what everything floats in (what is left when you remove RBCs, WBCs, & thrombocytes) |
| Plasma is made up of | water, plasma proteins, salts, gases, nutrients, nitrogenous wastes, homones, vitamins, & minerals |
| Plasma makes up approximately | 55% of the blood volume |
| The cells and other elements make up | 45% of the blood volume |
| A plasma protein necessary for proper fluid balance is | albumin |
| Two plasma proteins that play a vital role in coagulation are | fibrinogen & prothrombin(PT) |
| Proper prothrombin production requires adequate amounts of | vitamin K -- foods rich in this include: Green leafy vegetables |
| Serum is | plasma without fibrinogen & prothrombin(PT) |
| Plasmapheresis refers to the | separation(-pheresis) of the plasma from the blood cells |
| FFP stands for | Fresh Frozen plasma----can be stored indefinitely |
| Cryoprecipitates refers to | FFP (fresh frozen plasma) with clotting factors |
| A bone marrow biopsy(Bx) is a | test commonly used to determine cancers of the blood |
| Myelogenic means | pertaining to created by the bone marrow |
| Hematocytopenia means | a deficiency of blood cells |
| Hematoma refers to a | mass of blood |
| Dysrasia refers to | any blood abnormality |
| Morphology means | the study of shapes |
| Hypercholesterolemia is a | blood condition of excessive cholesterol |
| Hematologist is a | specialist in the study of blood |
| Hemostasis(hemostatic) means | the stoppage or controlling of bleeding |
| A complete blood count(CBC) is a count of the numbers of | 1.Erythrocytes(RBCs) 2.Leukocytes (WBCs) 3.Thrombocytes (platelets/clot cells) 4.Hemoglobin(Hgb) & hematocrit(Het) 5.ESR or "sed rate"(erythrocyte sedimentation rate) |
| An elevated ESR(Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) indicates | inflammation (can increase risk of heart disease) |
| A differential ("diff") is an | individual count of the five different types of Leukocytes (the MONKEY never eat little bananas) |
| The Four blood types are | A, B, AB, and O |
| Each blood type has a + or - called an | Rh factor |
| The Universal donor is type | O- |
| The Universal recipient is type | AB+ |
| A Negative Rh blood type CAN BE given to a | positive Rh blood type |
| A Positive Rh CANNOT BE given to a | negative Rh blood type |
| Blood is transfused in | units(U) |
| Donated blood has a refrigerated shelf life of | 42 days |
| Type & crossmatch(screen) (T+CM) means | determining blood type & compatibiity with other blood types |
| PRBCs stands for | Packed Red Blood Cells-(PRBCs) |
| A lipid profile(panel) includes: | 1.Total Cholesterol should be <200 mg/dL 2.HDL(High Density Lipoproteins--good cholesterol) should be >40 mg/dL 3.Triglycerides shold be <150 mg/dL 4.LDL(Low Density Lipoproteins) should be <130 mg/dL |
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