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Anatomy Basic Terms
Chapter 1 and 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Galen | dissected apes |
| Hippocrates | brain is higher level/ not heart, Hippocrates soup - chicken noodle soup |
| Avicenna | diagnosed diabetes |
| Andreas Vesalius | taught anatomy by dissections |
| Ambroise Pare | amputations, phantom pain |
| William Harvey | blood circulation |
| Anton van Leeuwenhoek | microscope |
| Malpighi | first to observe capillaries with a microscope |
| Galen's textbook was based on research of? | apes |
| the physicians Oath was created by | Hippocrates |
| what did velsalius discover | no holes in our heart |
| anatomy | study of body structure |
| physiology | science of body functions |
| surface anatomy | study of form and markings of the body surface |
| gross anatomy | study of anatomical structures visible to the unaided eye |
| systemic anatomy | Study all of the blood vessels, or all of the muscles, or all of the bones at once |
| regional anatomy | All anatomical structures of a specific region |
| developmental anatomy | study of the fertilized egg developing into its adult form |
| histology | study of tissues |
| cytology | study of individual cellular structures |
| pathology | study of anatomical changes due to disease |
| autopsy | postmortem (after death) examination of the body and internal organs |
| organism | consists of a collection of organ systems |
| life processes | metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction |
| homeostasis | remaining stable or remaining the same |
| metabolism | sum of all the catabolic and anabolic chemical processes that occur in the body |
| catabolic | breaking down |
| anabolic | building up |
| responsiveness | body’s ability to detect and respond to changes which might represent an opportunity… or a threat! |
| differentiation | development of a cell from an unspecialized to specialized state |
| reproduction | formation of new cells (growth, repair, or replacement) or the production of a new individual |
| body fluids | dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals inside or outside of the cell |
| receptor | send nerve impulses or chemical signals |
| control center | receives the input and provides nerve impulses or chemical signals |
| effector | brings about a change or response that alters the controlled condition |
| negative feedback system | Reverses a change in a controlled condition |
| positive feedback system | Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions |
| diagnosis of disease is done by assessing | signs and symptoms, medical history, physical examination |
| anatomical position | subject stands erect facing the observer with the head level, the eyes facing forward, feet flat on the floordirected forward, and the arms at their sides, palms forward |
| superior | toward head |
| inferior | away from head |
| anterior/ventral | toward the front |
| posterior/dorsal | toward the back |
| medial | toward the midline |
| lateral | away from midline |
| intermediate | between medial and lateral |
| proximal | nearest to the origin |
| distal | farther from origin |
| ipsilateral | same side of body |
| contralateral | opposite side of the body |
| superficial | towards the surface |
| deep | towards the core of the body |
| visceral | covering over an organ |
| parietal | covering against a cavity wall |
| cranial | skull |
| cervical | neck |
| cubital | elbow |
| carpal | wrist |
| patellar | front of knee |
| orbital | eye |
| thoracic | chest |
| inguinal | groin |
| metacarpal | hand/palm |
| plantar | sole of foot |
| buccal | cheek |
| axillary | armpit |
| femoral | thigh |
| gluteal | buttock |
| tarsal | ankle |
| digital/ phalangeal | toes/ fingers |
| sagittal plane | midline, divide body into right and left |
| transverse/ horizontal/ cross-sectional plane | divide body into superior and inferior |
| frontal/ coronal plane | divide body/organ into anterior and posterior |
| oblique plane | pass through the body/ organ at an angle |
| thoracic cavity | pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, mediastinal cavity formed by the sternum, ribs, and the thoracic portion of the bony vertebral column. |
| meninges | Layers of protective tissue that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal |
| Abdominopelvic Quadrants & Regions | right hypochondriac region/epigastric region/left hypochondriac region right lumbar region/umbilical region/left lumbar region right inguinal region/hypogastric region/ left inguinal region |
| tissues | group of cells with a common embryonic origin that function together to carry out specialized activities |
| histology | study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues – it is a branch of pathology |
| intracellular junctions | connect adjacent cells mechanically at the cell membranes or through cytoskeletal elements within and between cells |
| tight junctions | found where a leakproof seal is needed between cells |
| adherens junctions | make an adhesion belt that keeps tissues from separating as they stretch and contract |
| desmosomes | spot welds |
| hemidesmosomes | half welds that join cells to the basement membrane |
| gap junctions | are pores (connexons) that allow small substances like ions to pass between cells |
| epithelial tissues | cover body surfaces and form glands and line hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts |
| connective tissues | protect, support, and bind organs |
| muscular tissues | generate the physical force needed to make body structures move. They also generate heat used by the body |
| nervous tissues | detect changes in the body and respond by generating nerve impulses |
| simple squamous epithelium | composed of a single layer of flat cells found |
| simple cuboidal epithelium | single layer of cube shaped cells |
| simple columnar epithelium | forms a single layer of column-like cells, ± cilia, ± microvilli, ± goblet cells |
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium | appears to have layers, due to nuclei which are at various depths. In reality, all cells are attached to the basement membrane in a single layer, but some do not extend to the apical surface |
| stratified squamous epithelium | has an apical surface that is made up of squamous (flat) cells |
| stratified cuboidal epithelium | has an apical surface made up of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells |
| transitional epithelium | change shape depending on the state of stretch in the tissue bladder |
| endothelium | specialized simple squamous epithelium that lines the entire circulatory system from the heart to the smallest capillary |
| mesothelium | found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum |
| epithelial membranes | epithelium + connective tissue |
Created by:
faganme
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