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Nervous System & CNS
Mblex Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The brain and spinal cord and their coverings | Central Nervous System |
| Nerve cells found in the CNS that conduct impulses and receive and transmit electrical signals from and to muscles, glands and others of it's type | Neurons |
| What are the two types of cells found in the CNS? | Neurons and Neuroglia |
| Cells found in the CNS that support and protect neurons as it holds them together, and that also support tiny blood vessels (capillaries) in the brain | Neuroglia |
| The largest and most complex unit of the nervous system which is responsible for perception, sensation, emotion, intellect, and action | Brain |
| What do nerve cells consist of? | Cell body,and it's nerve fibers (axons and dendrites) |
| What does the cell body contain? | A nucleus and it's organelles |
| A nerve fiber that looks like little hairs, are an extension of the cytoplasm of the cell, and their job is to carry signals to the cell body. | Dendrites |
| Nerve fiber, it's an elongated projection that carries signals away from the cell body, may have branches known as collaterals that allow communication among neurons. | Axons |
| Found in the neuroglia,A white fatty, insulation substance formed by Schwann cells that surrounds some axons. Also produced in the CNS by oligodendrocytes. | Myelin |
| A specialized cell that forms Myelin. | Schwann Cell |
| The outer cell membrane of a Schwann cell that is essential in the regeneration of injured axons. | Neurilemma |
| Small gaps between segments of the myelin sheath which help speed the nerve impulses. | Nodes of Ranvier |
| A type of neuron that conducts sensory signals to the CNS | Sensory neuron |
| A type of neuron that conducts motor signals away from the CNS | Motor Neuron |
| When a stimulus such as a pressure, light, temperature or chemical change results in a brief change in the charge of one segment of a neuron. | Depolarization |
| The change in a segment of a cell membrane when the outside segment becomes negatively charged as it depolarizes and the inside becomes positively charged. | Action Potential |
| When a neuron is at rest how are the inside and outside charged? | The inside is negatively charged, and the outside it positively charged. |
| The space of junction between two neurons or a neuron and an effector organ | Synapse |
| Chemical compounds that generate action potentials when released into the synapses from presynaptic clefts and regulate many of the body's actions and senses. | Neurotransmitters |
| A neurotransmitter/hormone that stimulates the skeletal muscles and some organs and acts primarily on the parasympathetic ns. Is involved in memory. | Acetylcholine |
| A N.T./hormone that is involved in sleep, motor function, mood & pleasure and include two types (Epinephrine & Norepinephrine | Catacholamines |
| A Catacholamine that can excite or inhibit, is involved in the flight or fight response, such as dilation of blood vessels to the skeletal muscles and is classified as a hormone when secreted by the adrenal gland | Epinephrine |
| A Catacholamine that can excite or inhibit, found in the Hypothalalmus & limbic system, and in the sympathetic part of the ANS. Causes constriction of blood vessels, is a "feel good" NT & involved in emotional responses. | Norepinephrine |
| A NT, generally excitatory, found in the brain & ANS. A feel-good NT, involved in emotions and mood & is involved in the regulation of motor control and executive functioning of the brain. | Dopamine |
| A NT, A stimulant, released by mast cells as part of the inflammatory process. Also found in the hypothalamus, Regulates body temperature & water balance, and plays a part in emotions. Stimulates pain receptors to sensitize against further stimulation. | Histamine |
| A NT, an inhibitor of the CNS, synthesized into melatonin and affects biologic cycles, sleep & moods. | Serotonin |
| A NT, inhibitory, found in the brain, the most common inhibitory NT in the brain. | Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid |
| A NT, excitatory, found in the CNS, thought to be responsible for as much as 75% of the excitatory signals in the brain. | Glutamate (Glutamic Acid) |
| NT, found in the brain, retina, & GI tract, the function is unclear and may be related to feeding behavior, a gut-brain peptide. | Cholecystokinin |
| NT's, Endogenous morphines that block the brain from feeling pain, inhibitory, found in several organs of the CNS, retina, & Intestinal tract. Morphine & heroin mimic their effects. | Endorphins & Enkephalins |
| A NT, inhibits the release of growth hormone and is a gut-brain peptide | Somatostatin |
| A NT, excitatory, found in the brain & spinal cord, sensory pathways, and GI tract. Transmits Pain information. | Substance P |
| A NT, found in the brain, some ANS and & sensory fibers, retina & the GI tract, it's function is unclear | Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide |
| What are the three divisions of the brain? | The Cerebrum, Cerebellum & Brainstem(diencephalon) |
| The largest portion of the brain, aka the "forebrain", receives sensory information, interprets it, associates it with memories and past experiences, & then transmits the most appropriate motor impulse in response to the input. Also involved in emotions. | Cerebrum |
| The folds found in the Cerebral Cortex that increase the area available to the cortex. | Convolutions or gyri |
| Creases that separate the Convolutions(gyri) of the Cerebral Cortex. | Sulci or fissures |
| The central sulcus that separates the frontal and parietal lobes of the Cerebrum. | Fissure of Rolando |
| The lateral fissure of the Cerebrum that lies above the temporal lobe and below the frontal and parietal lobe. | The fissure of Sylvius |
| The fifth lobe of the Cerebrum that lies deep in the lateral fissure | Insula |
| What do the left and right hemispheres of the Cerebrum oversee? | Motor control |
| A structure located underneath the gray matter that connects the left and right hemispheres. | Corpus Collosum |
| Unmyelinated nervous tissue, particularly that found in the central nervous system. | Gray Matter |
| Myelinated nerve fibers, particularly those found in the brain and spinal tissue. | White Matter |
| Small collections of gray matter that assist in coordination | Basal Ganglia |
| What does the frontal lobe of the brain control? | Personality, Behavior, Emotion & Intellectual function |
| What does the Broca's area of the brain control? | Motor Speech |
| What does the Parietal Lobe control? | Sensation |
| What does the Occipital Lobe control? | Vision |
| What does the gnostic area of the brain do? | Stores complex memory patterns |
| What is the Gustatory area of the brain responsible for? | Taste |
| What is the Wernicke's area of the brain responsible for? | Language & Comprehension |
| What is Temporal Lobe responsible for? | Hearing & Smell |
| What is the Insula of the brain responsible for? | Visceral effects |
| The 2nd largest part of the brain, maintains balance and posture. | Cerebellum |
| A clear, colorless fluid that flows throughout the brain and around the spinal cord, cushioning and protecting the structures & maintaining proper PH balance | Cerebrospinal Fluid |
| The portion of the nervous system that exits the skull & extends into the vertebral column. It's functions are conduct nerve impulses and to be a center for spinal reflexes | Spinal Cord |
| The two roots that attach a spinal nerve to the spinal cord. | Dorsal and Ventral Roots |
| Tracts that carry sensory information to the brain | Ascending tracts |
| Tracts that carry motor information from the brain to the spinal cord. | Descending Tracts |
| A progressive disease that begins in the CNS & involves the degeneration of motor neurons and the subsequent atrophy of voluntary muscles. AKA Lou Gehrig's disease | Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
| A continuous seizure | Epilepticus |
| A chronic tremor that does not proceed from any other pathologic condition. | Essential Tremor |
| Paralysis of a single limb or a single group of muscles | Monoplegia |
| Paralysis or loss of mvmt of the lower portion of the body and of both legs. | Paraplegia |
| Paralysis or loss of mvmt of all four limbs | Quadraplegia |
| Collections of nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord that have a common function | Tracts |
| a pathologic condition that covers disorders such as aneurysms, & hemmoraghes that damage brain tissue | Cerebrovascular Accident or stroke |
| Parietal motor deficit on one side of the body | Hemiparesis |
| Pathologic condition: a gradual buildup of arteriosclerotic lesions ( thickened, hardened areas of reduced elasticity) in the arteries of the neck and brain. | Cerbrovascular Disease |
| A weakening or bulging of an artery | Aneurysm |
| Brain trauma that may be mild, moderate or severe. | Concussion |
| Sudden involuntary muscle contractions. | Seizures |
| A pathologic condition which results from the degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, affects person's normal voluntary mvmts and replaces them with dance like motions. | Chorea |
Created by:
CEckhoff
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