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A&P 2 EXAM 1
Blood and The Heart
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Circulates blood between cells and the heart; includes elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles, venues, and veins. | Blood vessels |
| What are the three main functions of blood? | Distribution, regulation, and protection |
| List the characteristics of blood. | -sticky, opaque -salty -color varies from scarlet to darker red -3-5 times thicker than water -pH range of 7.35-7.45 -temperature of 38 degrees C |
| What is the term used to describe the portion of blood that is composed of RBC (red blood cells)? | Hematocrit |
| What percentage of blood is made up of plasma vs. formed elements? | Plasma is 55% of whole blood; formed elements are 45% of whole blood. |
| What is the term used to describe the intercellular material of blood? AKA the fluid portion of blood. | Plasma |
| What is the normal pH of blood? | 7.35-7.45 |
| Of the plasma proteins, which is the most abundant? | Albumin |
| What plasma protein forms fibrin? | Fibrinogen |
| Define 'gammaglobin'. | Antibody fraction of the plasma. |
| What organ produces the clotting proteins prothrombin and fibrinogen? | The liver. |
| What are the three types of formed elements in the blood? | Erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC), and thrombocytes (platelets). |
| What is the protein that maintains the biconcave shape of RBC's? | Spectrin. |
| How many nuclei do RBC's have? | 0 |
| How many molecules of oxygen can hemoglobin transport? | 4 |
| Define hematopoiesis. | Blood cell formation |
| A pluripotent stem cell present in bone marrow that can differentiate into any of the formed elements | Hemocytoblast |
| What happens to cell size during erythropoiesis? | Gets smaller |
| What happens to a cell color during erythropoiesis? | Pink-red color |
| What happens to organelles during erythropoiesis? | They are ejected/expelled. |
| Which class of leukocyte contains granules that react specifically with Wright's stain? | Granulocytes |
| Which class of leukocyte lack visible cytoplasmic granules? | Agranulocyte. |
| The production of leukocytes is stimulated/regulated by..... | Interleukins and colony stimulation factors. |
| Add additional 1/3 of platelets are stored in what organ? | Spleen |
| Define 'Hemostasis' | Stoppage of bleeding. |
| What are the three mechanisms of hemostasis? | Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation. |
| Primary hemostasis is composed of what two steps? | Vascular spasm and platelet plug formation. |
| Secondary hemostasis is composed of which step? | Coagulation |
| This pathway of coagulation is faster than the other. | Extrinsic pathway. |
| This pathway of coagulation has all the necessary factors it needs within the blood. | Intrinsic pathway. |
| What is the difference between serum and plasma? | Plasma: inclusive of all clotting proteins. Serum: no clotting proteins. Serum=Plasma-clotting proteins. |
| A glycoprotein ANTIGEN found on the RBC surface. | Agglutinogen |
| A gylcoprotein ANTIBODY produced by plasma cells and found in body fluids. | Agglutinin |
| A clumping reaction that occurs when agglutinogens are linked to agglutins | Agglutination |
| What is the most common blood type? | O |
| What is the least common blood type? | AB |
| If you have type O blood, what blood groups can receive your blood? | A, B, AB, O |
| If you have AB blood, what blood group can receive your blood? | AB |
| The relaxation phase when pressure in the heart is reduced. | Diastole |
| The contraction phase when pressure in the heart is increased. | Systole |
| Which part of the heart lies between T5 and T8? | Base |
| What part of the heart lies on the left fifth intercostal space? | Apex |
| Where is the point of maximal intensity (PMI) located? | Left fifth intercostal space |
| A double walled sac that surrounds the heart. | Pericardium |
| What is the most outer layer of pericardium? | Fibrous pericardium. |
| The serous pericardium has how many layers? | 2 |
| This layer of the heart wallis innervated by the vagus nerve and is the main layer responsible for cardiac contractions. | Myocarduim |
| The most inner layer of the heart wall. | Endocardium |
| Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and cornoary sinus and blood vessels attached to what chamber of the heart? | Right atrium |
| The pulmonary trunk is separated from the right ventricle by what valve? | Pulmonary semilunar valve. |
| What are the small appendages on the atrial walls that project outwards? | Auricle |
| What are the names of the two atrioventricular valves? | Tricuspid and bicuspid |
| What are the names of the semilunar valves? | Aortic and pulmonary |
| Which valve prevents blood from back-flowing into the left ventricle? | Aortic semilunar valve |
| Which valve prevents blood from back-flowing into the right atrium? | Tricuspid valve |
| Name the vessel that carries newly oxygenated blood from the lungs back into the left atrium. | Pulmonary veins |
| What is the name of the biggest artery in your body? | Aorta |
| Pulmonary circuit consists of the blood vessels that carry blood to and from the ______. | Lungs |
| Systemic circuit consists of the blood vessels that carry blood to and from the _____. | Body systems |
| The right side of the heart always has what type of blood in its chambers? | Deoxygenated |
| The left side of the heart always has what type of blood in its chambers? | Oxygenated |
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