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THE MCAT-CHEM 5
SOLUTIONS
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Does H+ ever exist on its own in water? | NO --> always as hydronium |
What is another name for hydration? | solvation |
How to calculate normality? | Molarity of solution * number of H |
molarity (M) | mol solute / L of solution |
molality (m) | mol solute / kg of solvent |
Calculate parts per million? | X mg / kg = X mg / L |
Ksp: MX2 | Ksp = [M][2X]^2 |
What does solubility = for MX2? | value of M |
Common ion effect | Less will dissolve in a solution where the species already exists |
Acids are more soluble in _____. Bases are more soluble in ____. | bases / acids |
Complex ion | metal cation bound to a Lewis base (charged or uncharged) |
When a complex ion like M-Cl is formed, will more or less of AgCl dissolve? | More --> Cl is taken out of solution, so more of AgCl should dissolve |
Are complex ions soluble in water? | YES --> charged species |
lattice energy | interionic forces in crystal |
solvation energy | strength of attraction btwn solvent and dissociated ions |
Which part dissolves fastest? | corners followed by edges and faces |
What is a saturated solution? | rate of dissociation = rate of precipitation |
Supersaturated solution? | solution is a suspension created at high temperature |
An anion has more ___ than ____. A cation has more ____ than ____. | -electrons / protons -protons / electrons |
How to use spectroscopy to determine amount of dissolved salt? | amount of absorbed light at a fixed wavelength depends on conc. of ions |
Which cpds precipitate first? | cpds with smallest value for x (molar solubility) |
Ion exchange column | precipitate out ion that forms less soluble salt and release more soluble ion into solution to replace it |
What is a chelating agent? | substance whose molecules form several bonds to a single metal ion |
How to form a coordinate covalent bond? | lewis base donates a pair of electrons to lewis acid |
Do ionic / covalent solutions conduct electricity? | ionic |
What color solution does nickel create and why? | green --> unfilled d-orbitals |
What does Ksp describe? | how much will dissolve in solution |
How is a precipitate formed in relation to Ksp? | exceed Ksp and form a precipitate |
What is a metathesis reaction? | double dispalcement |
When you swallow something toxic, do you want it to be more or less soluble? | less soluble |
Does a smaller Ksp imply higher or lower solubility of cpd in water? | lower solubility --> lower conc. of cation and anion in aq. solution |
Polar substances dissolve in ____ solvents. | polar solvents |
salt made of +1 / -1 are soluble | |
nitrate (NO3-) salts are soluble | |
Sulfate (SO4 2-) with +1 cations are soluble (excludes transition metals) | |
Most salts with -2 or -3 anions are insoluble in water, excluding sulfate salts | |
Most oxide (O2-) and hydroxide (OH-) salts are only slightly water-soluble | |
KOH and NaOH are prett soluble | |
In ionic structures, are electrons shared? | NO --> transferred btwn atoms -cation = deficiency , anion = abundance of electrons |
salt nomenclature | cation + anion -ium + -ide |
lower solubility means? | less dissolution in solution --> less ions |
Magnesium hydroxide is most soluble in acid / base? | acid |
basic salts are most soluble in acid / base | acid |
NH4+ is acidic / basic | acidic |
What does a precipitate do to an ion? | takes it out of solution |