| Question | Answer |
| Does H+ ever exist on its own in water? | NO --> always as hydronium |
| What is another name for hydration? | solvation |
| How to calculate normality? | Molarity of solution * number of H |
| molarity (M) | mol solute / L of solution |
| molality (m) | mol solute / kg of solvent |
| Calculate parts per million? | X mg / kg = X mg / L |
| Ksp: MX2 | Ksp = [M][2X]^2 |
| What does solubility = for MX2? | value of M |
| Common ion effect | Less will dissolve in a solution where the species already exists |
| Acids are more soluble in _____.
Bases are more soluble in ____. | bases / acids |
| Complex ion | metal cation bound to a Lewis base (charged or uncharged) |
| When a complex ion like M-Cl is formed, will more or less of AgCl dissolve? | More --> Cl is taken out of solution, so more of AgCl should dissolve |
| Are complex ions soluble in water? | YES --> charged species |
| lattice energy | interionic forces in crystal |
| solvation energy | strength of attraction btwn solvent and dissociated ions |
| Which part dissolves fastest? | corners followed by edges and faces |
| What is a saturated solution? | rate of dissociation = rate of precipitation |
| Supersaturated solution? | solution is a suspension created at high temperature |
| An anion has more ___ than ____.
A cation has more ____ than ____. | -electrons / protons
-protons / electrons |
| How to use spectroscopy to determine amount of dissolved salt? | amount of absorbed light at a fixed wavelength depends on conc. of ions |
| Which cpds precipitate first? | cpds with smallest value for x (molar solubility) |
| Ion exchange column | precipitate out ion that forms less soluble salt and release more soluble ion into solution to replace it |
| What is a chelating agent? | substance whose molecules form several bonds to a single metal ion |
| How to form a coordinate covalent bond? | lewis base donates a pair of electrons to lewis acid |
| Do ionic / covalent solutions conduct electricity? | ionic |
| What color solution does nickel create and why? | green --> unfilled d-orbitals |
| What does Ksp describe? | how much will dissolve in solution |
| How is a precipitate formed in relation to Ksp? | exceed Ksp and form a precipitate |
| What is a metathesis reaction? | double dispalcement |
| When you swallow something toxic, do you want it to be more or less soluble? | less soluble |
| Does a smaller Ksp imply higher or lower solubility of cpd in water? | lower solubility
--> lower conc. of cation and anion in aq. solution |
| Polar substances dissolve in ____ solvents. | polar solvents |
| salt made of +1 / -1 are soluble | |
| nitrate (NO3-) salts are soluble | |
| Sulfate (SO4 2-) with +1 cations are soluble (excludes transition metals) | |
| Most salts with -2 or -3 anions are insoluble in water, excluding sulfate salts | |
| Most oxide (O2-) and hydroxide (OH-) salts are only slightly water-soluble | |
| KOH and NaOH are prett soluble | |
| In ionic structures, are electrons shared? | NO --> transferred btwn atoms
-cation = deficiency , anion = abundance of electrons |
| salt nomenclature | cation + anion
-ium + -ide |
| lower solubility means? | less dissolution in solution --> less ions |
| Magnesium hydroxide is most soluble in acid / base? | acid |
| basic salts are most soluble in acid / base | acid |
| NH4+ is acidic / basic | acidic |
| What does a precipitate do to an ion? | takes it out of solution |
