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Anatomy
Limb Development and Upper Limb Overview
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| limb buds appear in the embryo at this week of gestation | week 4 |
| limb buds in the embryo consist of this | lateral plate mesoderm, paraxial mesoderm, covered by ectoderm. |
| name the nerve roots for the upper limb | C4-T2 |
| Limb buds develop in the embryo due to the signaling of this structure | apical ectodermal ridge (AER) |
| what is the basic process by which fingers and toes form? | apoptosis. lack of this causes webbed fingers and toes. |
| what type of ossification occurs in limb development | endochondral ossification |
| describe the two stages of endochondral ossification | 1. development of the primary center of ossification 2. developement of the secondary centers of ossification on the sides. as you get blood supply, the growth occurs and the bone grows out. |
| describe the characteristics of the limbs that develop | in each segment, there are dorsal and ventral groups separated by fascia and bone. there are also compartments with a specific innervation and blood supply. |
| describe the posterior and anterior compartments of limb development | posterior: extensors, ABductors, supinators, lateral rotators. Anterior: flexors, ADductors, medial rotators, pronators. |
| describe how the limbs rotate during development | the upper limbs rotate laterally ninety degrees, and the lower limb rotates medially ninety degrees |
| list the superficial veins in the arm | cephalic vein laterally, basilic vein medially, joined by the median cubital vein. |
| describe the clinical significance of the median cubital vein | it is where blood is drawn from |
| list the compartments of the shoulder girdle | scapulohumoral, posterior axioappendicular, anterior axioappendicular |
| list the boundaries of the axillary region | anterior: pectoral m. posterior: subscapularis m. medial: serratus anterior muscle lateral: intertuburcular sulcus. |
| what are the arteries, veins, nerves, etc located in the axillary compartment | axillary artery, axillary vein, and brachial plexus |
| name the compartments of the arm | posterior, anterior |
| what is the blood supply and innervation for the anterior arm | blood supply: brachial artery. innervation: musculocutaneous nerve |
| what is the blood supply and innervation for the posterior arm | blood supply: deep brachial artery innervation: radial nerve |
| name the boundaries of the cubital fossa | medially: pronator teres laterally: brachioradialis top: line drawn between the medial and lateral epicondyles |
| list the contents going through the cubital fossa | biceps brachii tendon, brachial artery, median nerve |
| what are the components of the forarm | posterior, anterior |
| what is the innervation and blood supply of the posterior forarm | innervation: radial nerve blood supply: posterior interosseous artery |
| what is the innervation and blood supply of the anterior forarm | innervation: median nerve blood supply: radial and ulnar arteries |
| what are the boundaries of the carpal tunnel | floor and walls: carpal bone roof: flexor retinaculum |
| what are the contents of the carpal tunnel | tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus, flexor pollicis longus, and median nerve |
| what are the compartments of the hand | hypothenar, thenar, central, Adductor, interosseous |
| what is the innervation and blood supply of the hand? | innervation: mostly ulnar nerve some by median nerve blood supply: superficial and deep palmer arches |
Created by:
aferdo01
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