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A+P CH 1 & 4-7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 4 types of tissue | epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural |
| tissues | collection of cells and cell products that perform specific functions |
| epithelia tissue | covers body surfaces, lines cavities and tubular structures, and serves essential functions |
| characteristics of epithelia tissue | cell junctions, apical and basal surfaces, attachment, avascularity, and regeneration |
| gap junctions | neural |
| synapse | gap |
| protein | tissues need to heal |
| microvilli | increase cell surface area and important for absorption and secretion |
| cilia | important for movement |
| mitochondria | cristae, power house of body that utilize energy |
| germinative cells, stem cells | start out with no specific purpose |
| epithelia renewal | replaced by division of germinative cells |
| classes of epithelia | based on layers simple or stratified epithelium and based on shape squamous,cuboidal, or columnar |
| simple epithelium | single layer of cells |
| stratified epithelium | several layers of cells |
| simple squamous epithelium | ventral (front) cavities, thoracic and abdominal |
| pseudo- | false |
| transitional epithelium | allows stretching of tissue |
| endocrine glands | release hormones into interstitial fluid and no ducts goes directly into blood stream |
| exocrine glands | produce secretions onto epithelial surfaces and goes through ducts |
| serous glands | watery secretions |
| mucous glands | secrete mucins |
| mixed exocrine glands | both serous (watery) and mucous |
| oid/o | looks like |
| the matrix | like a screen made of extracellular components of connective tissues |
| connective tissue proper | loose and dense fibers |
| fluid connective tissues | blood and lymph |
| supporting connective tissue | cartilage and bone |
| cells in connective tissue | fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, and mast cells |
| macrophages | fixed and free and job is cleanup |
| adipocytes | fat cells |
| adipo- | fat |
| mast cells | mobile connective tissue near blood filled with chemicals released when tissues are damaged |
| connective tissue fibers | collagen, reticular, and elastic |
| physiology | study of functions |
| viscous | how syrupy something is |
| levels of organization from molecules to complete organism | chemical (or molecular), cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism |
| negative feedback | temperature regulation |
| positive feedback | blood clot formation |
| metabolism | all chemical activity in the body |
| tissue | type of muscle |
| heart | organ |
| human body has 11 organ systems | integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphoid, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive |
| supine | face up |
| prone | face down |
| ventral body cavity | thoracic and abdominopelvic |
| thoracic body cavity | heart and lungs |
| pericardium | serous membrane |
| lateral | across thru the midline |
| transverse section | cut thru body that passes perpendicular to lung axis and cuts body into superior and inferior positions |
| sagittal plane | divides body into left and right portions |
| mediastinum | region between heart and pericardium |
| diaphragm,flat muscular sheet divide ventral body cavity into a superior __cavity and inferior __ cavity | thoracic, abdominopelvic |
| proton located __ of atom | center |
| principles elements in human body | oxygen, O carbon, C hydrogen, H nitrogen, N calcium, Ca phosphorus, P potassium, K sodium, Na chlorine, Cl magnesium, Mg sulfur, S iron, Fe and iodine, I |
| acid (H+ donor) | any substance that breaks apart to release hydrogen ions |
| another name for platelets | thrombocytes |
| pH | body fluid |
| AB + CD --> AD + CB | exchange reaction |
| A + B <==> AB | reversible reaction |
| bones store | calcium |
| permeability | property that determines which substances can enter and exit cytoplasm |
| diffusion | movement of solid object from high concentration into low concentration of liquid |
| crenation | shrinking of red blood cells |
| facilitated diffusion, passive carrier-mediated transport | allows selective item thru then closes door behind and door opens in front |
| lacunae | chambers |
| pinocytosis | cell drinking, fluid |
| types of cartilage | hyaline, elastic, fibrous |
| bone or osseous tissue | resists shattering |
| membranes | physical barriers |
| mucous membranes | line passageways |
| areolar tissue | surrounds breast |
| mitosis | 1. interphase, resting 2.prophase, centriole split 3.metaphase, move to center 4.anaphase, move to opposite sides and 5.telephase, cleave |
| DNA nucleotide sequence CTC ATA CGA TTC AAG TTA would have what followin nucleotide sequence complementary in mRNA | GAG UAU GCU AAG UUC AAU |
| solvent | liquid |
| synovial fluid | lubricant |
| isotonic | just adding volume |
| hypotonic | water into cell |
| hypertonic | water out of cell |
| skeletal muscle | voluntary and striated (comes in layers) |
| cardiac muscle | specialized both striated and smooth and involuntary, intercalated discs |
| smooth muscle | visceral (organs) and involuntary |
| muscle tissue and has 3 types skeletal, cardiac, and smooth | specialized for contraction and produces all body movement |
| neural tissue | stimuli and response |
| central nervous system | brain and spinal cord |
| neurons | nerve cells |
| neuroglia | supporting cells |
| response to tissue injury | inflammation and regeneration |
| inflammatory response | swelling, warmth, redness, and pain |
| adema | swelling |
| neuron | axon, cell body, and dendrites |
| histamine | cause local blood vessels to dilate |
| apo- | from |
| dendron | tree |
| desmos | ligament |
| holos | entire |
| hyalos | glass |
| krinein | to separate |
| lacus | lake |
| meros | part |
| pleura | rib |
| sistere | to set |
| squama | plate or scale |
| vas | vessel |
| ab- | from |
| amphi- | on both sides |
| blast | precursor |
| clast | break |
| concha | shell |
| corona | crown |
| dia- | through |
| duco | to lead |
| gennan | to produce |
| gomophosis | bolting together |
| in- | into |
| infra- | beneath |
| lacrimae | tears |
| lamella | thin plate |
| malleolus | little hammer |
| meniscus | crescent |
| septum | wall |
| stylos | pillar |
| supra- | above |
| teres | cylindrical |
| trabecula | wall |
| trochlea | pulley |
| vertere | to turn |
| skeletal system 5 functions | support, storage of minerals, blood cell production, protection, and leverage (force of motion) |
| diaphysis | middle of long bone, bone shaft |
| epiphysis | top of end of long bone |
| periosteum | pertaining to surrounding the bone |
| compact bone | hard part of bone gives bones strength |
| osteocytes | mature cell that maintain normal bone structure |
| osteoclasts | release calcium into body and bone-dissolving cells |
| osteoblasts | regenerate or produce new bone cells, bone-producing cells |
| 3 types of cells in bone | osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts |
| ossification | process of replacing other tissues with bone |
| bone development | bones grow until about age 25 |
| clavicle | collarbone |
| mandible | lower jaw |
| normal bone growth require | nutrition and hormonal factors |
| fracture hematoma | large blood clot |
| callum | hard skin |
| process | projection or bump |
| ramus | extension of bone making angle |
| trochanter | large rough projection |
| fossa | shallow depression |
| sulcus | narrow groove |
| foramen | hole |
| fissure | long hole that opens |
| condyle | where round process is |
| scapula | shoulder blade |
| axial skeleton | skull, ears, neck, ribs, sternum, and vertebrae |
| appendicular skeleton | skull, thorax, and vertebral column |
| radius | thumb side of arm just below elbow |
| metacarpal | hand bones |
| tarsal | ankle |
| metatarsal | foot bones |
| humerus | long arm bone, upper arm bone |
| femur | long leg bone |
| coxal | hip bone |
| tibia | chin bone |
| fibula | just above ankle |
| frontal | forehead |
| occipital bone | back of head |
| coronal suture | binding line of frontal to parietal bone |
| sphenoid | bone beside eyes |
| maxilla | upper jaw which is above lips and below nose |
| zygomatic bone | cheek bones |
| lacrimal bone | base of eyes |
| sinus purposes | makes skull lighter, gives resonance to voice, and protects respiratory system |
| vertebral column | thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx |
| cervical vertebra | top of spine |
| thoracic vertebra | middle of spine |
| lumbar vertebra | bottom of spine |
| thoracic vertebra | has 12 vertebra |
| there are 24 ribs and come in pairs of | 12 |
| true ribs 1-7 | connect directly to sternum through cartilage |
| false ribs 8-12 | connect to sternum through cartilage above true rib 7 |
| floating ribs 11 & 12 | dont connect to sternum |
| xiphoid process | little hanging bone on front of chest |
| manubrium | small bone at top on front of chest |
| pectoral girdle | connects only at manubrium |
| acromial process | feel on arm its just below bony acromial end (end of arm bone at top) |
| antebrachium | forearm |
| pollex | thumb |
| ilium | crest at top of hip bone |
| ischium | bottom of hip bone (part you sit on) |
| pubis symphysis | cartilage holding sides of pubis bone together |
| female pelvis round and male pelvis | oval |
| talus | carries weight of leg |
| hallux | big toe |
| articulations, joint | where two bones meet |
| synarhrosis | immovable joint |
| amphiarhtrosis | slightly moveable joint |
| diarhtrosis | freely moveable joint |
| atlas | first cervical vertebrae, skull sits on |
| axis | second cervical vertebrae |
| ball and socket joints | shoulder joints |
| gliding motion | bones slide past each other |
| flexion | reducing angle between two bones |
| extension | increases angle between two bones |
| abduction | away from midline, raising arm laterally |
| adduction | toward midline |
| rotation | movement from right to left |
| eversion | pointing foot to side |
| protraction | pushing forward and then backward |
| atomic number | number of protons |
| covalent bond | sharing of electrons |
| ionic bond | loss or gain of electrons |
| catabolism | decomposition |
| anabolism | synthesis |
| enzyme | catalyst |
| buffer | stabilize pH |
| organic compounds | carbs, lipids, and proteins |
| inorganic compounds | water and salts |
| in atoms protons and neutrons found only in | nucleus |
| the number and arrangement of electrons in an atom's outer electron shell determines | chemical properties |
| the bond between Na and Cl in the compound NaCl is | ionic bond |
| 7 major functions performed by proteins | support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic reaction, coordination and control, and defense |
| active transport | have to have energy but dont rely on solute or gradient |
| ion pumps | carrier proteins that actively transport and important for homestasis |
| organelles, little organs | perform specific functions essential to normal cell structure |
| flagella | move cell through surrounding fluid |
| filtration | hydrostatic pressure |
| osmosis | movement of water |
| vesicular transport | endocytosis and exocytosis |
| cytoskeleteon | internal protein framework |
| ribosomes | manufacture proteins |
| lysosomes | digestive enzymes |
| nucelus | control center for cell operations |
| nucleoli | synthesize components of ribosomes |
| proteins in plasma membrane may function as | receptors, channels, carriers, enzymes, anchors, and identifiers |
| ___ion concentrations in extracellular fluids, and ___ion concentrations are high in cytoplasm | sodium, potassium |
| translation | construction of a functional protein using information provided by mRNA strand |
| 4 major transport mechanisms substances use to get in and out of cells | diffusion, filtration, carrier-mediated transport, and vesicular transport |
| diffusion is important in body fluids because this process | eliminates local concentration gradients |
| when placed in a ___solution, a cell will loose water through osmosis. This process results in the ___of red blood cells | hypertonic, crenation |
| most abundant connections between cells in the superficial layers of the skin | desmosomes |
| 3 major types of of cartilage | hyaline, elastic, and fibrous |
| 3 cell shapes making up epithelial tissue | cuboidal, squamos, and columnar |
| gap junction | interlocking of membrane proteins |
| tight junction | intercellular connection |
| germinative cells | repair and renewal |
| holocrine secretion | destroys gland cell |
| endocrine secretion | hormones |
| ligament | bone-to-bone attachment |
| tendon | muscle-to-bone attachment |
| in body surfaces where mechanical stresses are severe the dominant epithelium is | striated squamous epithelium |
| the tissue that contains a fluid ground substance is | connective |
| the primary function of the serous membrane in the body is | to minimize friction between opposing surfaces |
| large muscle fibers that are multinucleated, striated, and voluntary are found in | skeletal muscle tissue |
| intercalated discs and pacemaker cells are characteristics of | cardiac muscle tissue |
| 4 basic tissue types | epithelia, connective, muscle, and neural |
| skeletal muscle contains | connective tissues, blood vessels and nerves, and skeletal muscle tissue |
| isometric contraction | contraction in which tension rises but resistance does not move |
| epimysium | surrounds muscle |
| fascicle | muscle bundle |
| endomysium | surrounds muscle fiber |
| motor end plate | binds ACh |
| transverse tubule | conducts actin potentials and allow entire muscle fiber to contract simultaneously |
| actin | thin filaments |
| myosin | thick filaments |
| extensor of knee | quadricep muscles |
| sacromeres | contractile units |
| recruitment | multiple motor units |
| muscle tone | resting tension, firmness of muscle at rest |
| white muscles | fast fibers |
| flexor of leg | hamstring muscles |
| red muscles | slow fibers |
| hypertrophy | enlargement, muscle gain |
| function of synovial fluid | nourish chondrocytes, provide lubrication, and absorb shock |
| unpaired bone | vomer |
| abduction and adduction always refer to movements of the | appendicular skeleton |
| cribriform plate | olfactory nerves |
| ball-and-socket joints | hip and shoulder |
| hinge joints | elbow and knee |
| while an individual is in the anatomical position, the ulna lies | medial to the radius |
| at the glenoid cavity the scapula articulates with the proximal end of the | humerus |
| osteons | basic functional units of mature compact bone |
| diarthroses | joint typically located at tend of long bones |
| standing on tiptoe is example of | plantar flexion |
| skeletol bones store energy reserves as lipids in areas of | yellow marrow |
| communications for skeletal system | endocrine glands slow and nervous system fast |
| 3 ear bones in each ear | stapes (stirrup), incus (anvil), and malleous (hammer) |
| muscle tissue | skeletal (voluntary and striated), cardiac (involuntary and specialized), and smooth aka visceral (involuntary and smooth) |
| skeletal muscle performs 5 primary functions | movement of skeleton, maintain posture, support soft tissues, guard entrances and exits, maintain body temp |
| sarcolemma | cell membrane of a muscle fiber |
| terminal cisternae | terminal (end) cistern (container to collect), where things collect |
| stimuli --> depolarization = movement or contraction then | repolarization = normalization or rest |
| ACh | acetylcholine, neurotransmitter |
| 3 phases of a twitch | latent (calcium ions releases), contraction (calcium ions binds), and relaxation |
| wave summation | increasing tension or summation (top portion) before end of relaxation, continuing contractions |
| complete tetanus | relaxation phase of muscle is completely eliminated |
| iso- | same |
| normal heart rate | 60-100 times a minute |
| origin | muscle attachment that remains fixed |
| insertion | muscle attachment that moves |
| action | what joint movement a muscle produces |
| prime mover (agonist) | main muscle in action |
| synergy | in addition to |
| mental, genio- | chin |
| axillary | armpit |
| antecubital | in front of elbow |
| antebrachial | forearm |
| pollex | thumb |
| popliteal | back of knee |
| crural | leg |
| femur | thigh |
| trunk | thorax, mammary, abdomen, umbilical, and pelvis |
| buccal | neck |
| sternocleidomastoid | from clavicles to sternum |
| peritoneum | pelvic floor |
| kagel exercises | start and stop urine |
| pectoralis minor | anterior surface of ribs 3-5 |
| trapezius | muscle above clavicle, connects to it and in front of scapula (acromion and scapular spine) |
| deltoid | muscle of shoulder blade (acromion and adjacent scapular spine) |
| latissimus dorsi | spinous processes of lower thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and lumbar vertebrae |
| pectoralis major | cartilage of ribs 2-6 muscle next to sternum and clavicle, used for injections |
| biceps brachii | on scapula, short head from coracoid process (lower connection to shoulder)and long head from supraglenoid tubercle |
| triceps brachii | superior, posterior, and lateral margins of humerus and scapula (above biceps) |
| gluteus maximus, dorsal | iliac crest of ilium, sacrum, and coccyx |
| gluteus medius, ventral | anterior iliac crest and lateral surface of ilium |
| gluetus minimus | lateral surface of ilium, muscle below hip bone |
| vastus lateralis | anterior and inferior greater tochanter of femur along linea aspera, injection primarily in children |
| surface anatomy | study of general form and superficial markings |
| gastrocnemius | femoral condyles, calf muscle |
| bruit | whooshing sound |
| ventral | belly side |
| coronal plane | divides head into front and back |
| dorsal cavities | cranial and spinal |
| ventral cavity | thoracic, upper abdominal, and lower abdominal or thoracic and pelvic |
| 3 serous membranes | pleural (lungs), pericardium (heart), and peritoneum (pelvic) |
Created by:
brookelily
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