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PHYS 1501
CPG Physiology Exam 1 Material
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Physiology | Study of life, specifically how cells, tissues, organs, and whole organisms function |
| Chemical Level | Molecules composed of atoms (1st level of functional organization of the body) |
| Cellular Level | Basic unit of life (2nd level of functional organization of the body) |
| Tissue Level | Group of cells with similar structure and specialized function (3rd level of functional organization of the body) |
| Organ Level | Two or more kinds of tissue that perform a particular function (4th level of functional organization of the body) |
| Body System Level | 11 Body Systems of a Human (5th level of the functional organiation of the body) |
| Organism Level | Highest level of the functional organization of the body |
| Epithelial cells | Specialized for exchanging materials between the cell and its environment |
| Connective cells | Connects, supports, and anchors structures together |
| Tendons, bones, and blood | Examples of Connective cells |
| Muscle cells | Specialized cells for contraction and generation of force |
| Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth | Examples of Muscle Cells |
| Nerve Cells | Specialized for initiation and transmitting electrical impulses |
| Homeostasis | Dynamic steady-state of the constituents in the internal fluid environment |
| Specialized activities of the cells that make up the body systems are aimed at maintaining what? | Homeostasis |
| Homeostasis-Maintenance of a ________ internal environment even in the face of extreme changes | Relatively stable |
| Extracellular Fluid (ECF) | Fluid environment in which the cells live (fluid outside the cells) |
| Plasma, interstitial fluid | Two components that make up extracellular fluid (ECF) |
| Intracellular Fluid (ICF) | Fluid contained within all body cells |
| Circulatory System | Transports and exchanges materials |
| Digestive System | Obtains/breaks dietary food and eliminates undigested food |
| Respiratory System | Obtains O2, eliminates CO2 |
| Urinary System | Removes and eliminates wastes from plasma |
| Skeletal System | Provides support for soft tissues |
| Muscular System | Moves the bones |
| Integumentary System | Serves as an outer protective barrier |
| Immune System | Defends against foreign invaders |
| Nervous system | Rapid control and coordination of activities |
| Endocrine System | Regulation of long-lasting activities |
| Reproductive System | Perpetuation of the species |
| What three things must control systems be able to do? | 1) Detect deviations from the norm, 2) Integrate information, and 3) Restore to desired value by making adjustments |
| Feedforward Mechanism | Used for responses made in anticipation of a change in homeostatic control |
| Feedback Mechanism | Responses made after change has been detected (either positive or negative feedback) |
| Negative Feedback System | Primary type of control that maintains stability by defending set points. Opposes initial change and is composed of a SENSOR, an INTEGRATOR, and an EFFECTOR |
| Positive Feedback System | Not as often and drives physiological values away from the set point. Amplifies an initial change (oxytocin and birth, opening sodium channels during depolarization) |
| Pathophysiology | Abnormal functioning of the body associated with disease |
| Plasma Membrane | Cell membrane that surrounds and defines every cell. Separates cell contents from its surroundings (ICF and ECF) and controls movement molecules into and out of a cell |
| Nucleus | Largest single organized cell component enclosed by a double-layered membrane (nuclear envelope) that contains the DNA. Pierced by pores that allow traffic between nucleus and cytoplasm. |
| Cytoplasm | Cell interior that consists of ORGANELLES and CYTOSOL. |
| Organelles | Little "organs" that are distinct, highly organized, and enclosed in membranes |
| Cytosol | Complex, semiliquid gel-like mass in which the cytoskeleton is found |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Functions to manufacture both proteins and lipids. Elaborate fluid-filled membranous system distributed throughout the cytosol |
| Rough ER | Site of protein synthesis. Surface has attached ribosomes that synthesize, fold, and modify proteins |
| Smooth ER | Site of lipid synthesis with tiny tubules where central packing and discharge occurs |
| Golgi Complex | Processes raw materials into finished products and sorts/directs products to their final destinations. Closely associated with ER and consists of membrane enclosed sacs called CISTERNAE |
| Lysosomes | Serve as an intracellular digestive system. Membranous sacs that contain HYDROLYTIC enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions. Remove aged or damaged organelles or parts of the cells by PHAGOCYTOSIS |
| Phagocytosis | A Lysosome interjects a bacterium inside of a phagocytic vesicle and breaks down molecule into parts that can be excreted or absorbed |
| Peroxisomes | Membranous sacs that house oxidative enzymes to strip hydrogen from organic molecules (detoxify various waste products). Major product generated is HYDROGEN PEROXIDE H2O2 |
| Catalases | Present inside peroxisomes that decompose H2O2 into water and oxygen |
| Mitochondria | Enclosed by a double membrane (inner folds are cristae) and matrix inner cavity contains enzymes for CITRIC ACID CYCLE and ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN. Mitochondria major site of ATP production (~90%) |
| Vaults | Octagonal barrels with hollow interior that serve as cellular tracks (transport vehicles). Might contribute to multi-drug resistance (cancer cells) |
| Cytosol | Occupies about 55% of total cell volumes. Semi-liquid part of cytoplasm that surrounds the organelles. Contains the CYTOSKELETON. Associated with enzymatic regulation on intermediary metabolism, ribosomal protein synthesis, and storage of fat and carbs |
| Cytoskeleton | Complex protein network of cytosol that serves as "bone and muscle." Three types are MICROTUBULES, MICROFILAMENTS, and INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS |
| Microtubules | Largest element assembled into hollow tubes of tubulin. Transport secretory vesicles and move specialized cell projections (cilia/flagella). Formation of MITOTIC SPINDLE during cell division |
| Microfilaments | Smallest element assembled into two strands of action. Involved in contractile systems, cell division, and cell locomotion. Mechanical supports or stiffeners (microvilli) |
| Intermediate filaments | Medium sized elements assembles as polypeptide strands forming tough, durable fibers. Maintain cell structural integrity and resist mechanical stress. |
| Microtubular highway in a nerve | Secretory vesicle attached to a kinesin molecule travels down a microtubule to release contents of vesicle. The dyenin molecule has a debris vesicle attached that travels down the microtubule (toward nucleus) and delivers vesicle to lysosome. |
| Plasma Membrane | Extremely thin layer of LIPIDS and PROTEINS that form outer boundary of all cells, controls movement of molecules between cell and environment (PERMEABILITY BARRIER). Detect chemical messengers at surface, link adjacent cells (MEMBRANE JUNCTIONS |
| Plasma Membrane-2 | Anchors cells to extracellular matrix |
| Intraceullular Fluid | Fluid contained within all body cells |
| Extracellular Fluid | Fluid environment in which cells live. Two components are PLASMA and INTERSTITIAL FLUID |
| Components of Plasma Membrane | PHOSPHOLIPIDS are most abundant lipid responsible for membrane permeability |
| Phospholipid | Polar head is HYDROPHILIC (water loving) and the non-polar tail is HYDROPHOBIC (water fearing). It is AMPHIPATIC (hydrophobic and hydrophilic). In oil, associate with heads arranged towards water and tails to oil. |
| What are the four components of the Plasma Membrane? | Carbohydrates, Cholesterol, Integral Proteins, and Peripheral Proteins |
| Carbohydrates | Small amount present on outer surface that serve as identifying markers. Enable cells to identify and interact with one another |
| Cholesterol | Determinant of membrane fluidity located inbetween phospholipid molecules. Acts as buffer preventing agents (alcohol) from increasing membrane fluidity |
| Integral proteins | Proteins embedded in and anchored to the cell membrane |
| Peripheral proteins | Proteins loosely attached to either intracellular or extracellular side of cell membrane |
| Functions of Membrane Proteins | CHANNELS, TRANSPORTERS, PUMPS, RECEPTORS, ADHESION MOLECULES (CAMs), Recognition in cell to cell interactions |
| Cell to Cell Adhesions | Bind groups of cells to tissues and package them into organs. After arranged, cells held together by EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, CELL ADHESION MOLECUES, and SPECIALIZED CELL JUNCTIONS |
| Extracellular Matrix Adhesion | Serves as biological "glue". The major types of protein fibers interwoven in the matrix include COLLAGEN, ELASTIN, and FIBRONECTIN |
| Cell Adhesion Molecules (Plasma Membrane) | Consist of SELECTINS, INTEGRINS, and CADHERINS |
| What are the three types of specialized cell junctions? | Desmosomes, Tight Junctions, and Gap Junctions |
| Desmosomes | Type of ADHERING special cell junction that act as "spot rivets" anchoring two closely adjacent but not-touching cells. Most abundant in tissues that are subject to considerable stretching |
| Tight Junctions | Type of IMPERMEABLE specialized cell junction that firmly bonds adjacent cells together. Seals off passage between two cells and found primarily in EPITHELIAL tissue (prevents undesirable leaks within epithelial cells) |
| Specialized Cell Junctions | Type of COMMUNICATING specialized cell junction that links two adjacent cells by forming small connecting tunnels called CONNEXONS. Abundant in cardiac and smooth muscle. Non-muscle tissues unrestrict passage of small nutrient molecules between cells. |
| Specialized Cell Junctions-2 | COMMUNICATING junction that allows direct transfer of small signaling molecules to travel from one cell to the next |
| Cell membranes are what? | Selectively permeable due to RELATIVE SOLUBILITY of particle in the lipid, and SIZE of the particle |
| What two forces are involved in accomplishing transport across membranes? | Passive forces and Active forces (energy/ATP required) |
| What are the two different types of membrane transport? | Unassisted membrane transport and Assisted membrane transport |
| Unassisted Membrane Transport | Movement of particles across a membrane known as OSMOSIS (movement of water) and DIFFUSION (movement of solutes across a lipid bilayer or through a protein/ion channel) |
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